Lifta لفتا Lefta | |
|---|---|
 Depopulated homes of the village of Lifta | |
| Etymology: Lifta, personal name[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Lifta (click the buttons) | |
  Lifta Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°47′43″N35°11′47″E / 31.79528°N 35.19639°E /31.79528; 35.19639 | |
| Palestine grid | 168/133 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Jerusalem |
| Date of depopulation | January 1948[2] |
| Repopulated dates | 1948–2017 by Jews |
| Area | |
• Total | 8,743dunams (8.743 km2; 3.376 sq mi) |
| Population (1948[3]) | |
• Total | 2,958 |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byZionist paramilitary forces |
| Current Localities | Western suburb ofJerusalem |
Lifta (Arabic:لفتا;Hebrew:ליפתא) was aPalestinian village on the outskirts ofJerusalem. The village'sPalestinian Arab inhabitants wereexpelled byZionist paramilitary forces during the1948 Palestine war.
During theOttoman period, the village was recorded to have a population of 400 Arabs, all Muslim households. In 1834, a battle took place in the village during thePalestinian Peasants' Revolt. A British1922 census registered Lifta's population at 1,451, all Muslims.[4]
Prior to 1948, the village had orchards, several olive presses, a winepress, in addition to a modern clinic, two coffeehouses, two carpentry shops, barbershops, a butcher, and a mosque.[5][6] In the1945 statistics the population of Lifta was 2,250; 2,230 Muslims and 20 Christians.[7] In addition, a small number of Jews resided in the village, and one former Jewish inhabitant described the relationship her family and the Palestinian Arab majority as 'excellent'.[6]
During the1948 Palestine war, a massacre occurred on 28 December 1947, when a Jewish militia launched a machine-gun and grenade assault on a cafe in Lifa. Themukhtar's home was also incinerated by the Zionist forces and 20 buildings were blown up as the village was put under siege.[8] The village's Palestinian Arab inhabitants were expelled, and the abandoned village was later repopulated by Jewish immigrants until the 1970s. In July 2017,Israel declared Lifta (calledMei Neftoach) as a national nature reserve.[9] It has been referred to as the "PalestinianPompeii".[10]
A perennial spring located in the channel's upper section is believed to be the site where the village first developed. Surrounding this spring, artifacts including a burial cave and pottery shards from theMiddle Bronze Age II andIron Age II periods were uncovered.[11]
Archaeological remains dating as far back as Iron Age II have been found in the village.[5][12][13]
The site is considered by some to be identical with biblicalHebrew:מי נפתוחMei Neftoach. It was populated since ancient times; "Nephtoah" (Hebrew: נפתח, lit. spring of the corridor) is mentioned in theHebrew Bible as the border between theIsraelite tribes ofJudah andBenjamin,[14] and was the northernmost demarcation point of the territory of theTribe of Judah.[15][5] Other scholars hold the identification to be plausible but by no means certain.[16]Kitchener andConder found the identification with Nephtoah unsatisfactory, and preferred to identify Lifta withEleph of Benjamin (Joshua 18:28).[17]
TheRomans andByzantines called itNephtho, and theCrusaders referred to it asClepsta.[18]
The remains of a court-yard home from the Crusader period remains in the centre of the village.[19]
In 1596, Lifta was a village in theOttoman Empire,nahiya (subdistrict) ofJerusalem under theliwa' (district) ofJerusalem, and it had a population 72Muslim households, an estimated 396 persons. It paid taxes onwheat,barley,olives, fruit orchards and vineyards; a total of 4,800akçe. All of the revenue went to awaqf.[20]
In 1834, a battle took place here, during therevolt of that year. The EgyptianIbrahim Pasha and his army fought and defeated local rebels, led by ShaykhQasim al-Ahmad, a prominent local ruler. However, the Qasim al-Ahmad family remained powerful and ruled the region southwest of Nablus from their fortified villages ofDeir Istiya andBayt Wazan some 40 kilometers (25 mi) due north of Lifta.[21] In 1838Edward Robinson noted Lifta as aMuslim village, located in theBeni Malik area, west of Jerusalem.[22][23] Robinson hiredmuleteers from Lifta, noting that in Lifta "every peasant keeps his mule and usually accompanies it".[24]
In 1863Victor Guérin described Lifta as being surrounded by gardens of lemon-trees, oranges, figs, pomegranates, alms and apricots.[25] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 117 houses and a population of 395, though the population count included men, only.[26][27]
ThePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine in 1883 described it as a village on the side of a steep hill, with a spring and rock-cut tombs to the south.[28]
In 1896 the population of Lifta was estimated to be about 966 persons.[29]
In 1907 the German historian Gustav Rothstein was invited to Lifta by his Arabic language teacher, Elias Nasrallah Haddad. Rothstein wrote a 20-pages article describing the marriage celebrations and religious festivals in Lifta.[30]
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In 1917, Lifta surrendered to theBritish forces with white flags and, as a symbolic gesture, the keys to the village.[31]
In the1922 census of Palestine, Lifta had a population 1,451, all Muslims,[4] increasing in the1931 census (when Lifta was counted with "Shneller's Quarter"), to 1,893; 1,844 Muslims, 35 Jews and 14 Christians, in a total of 410 houses.[32]
During the1929 Palestine riots, according to one Israeli source, some villagers from Lifta were among gangs that participated in a number of robberies and attacks on nearby Jewish communities.[33][34][35]
In the1945 statistics the population of Lifta was 2,250; 2,230 Muslims and 20 Christians,[7] and the total land area was 8,743dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[36] 3,248 dunams were for cereals,[37] while 324 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[38]
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Prior to 1948, the village, with a population of some 2,500 people, had orchards, several olive presses, a winepress, in addition to a modern clinic, two coffeehouses, two carpentry shops, barbershops, a butcher, and a mosque.[5][6] A small number of Jews resided in the village, and one former Jewish inhabitant described the relationship her family and the Palestinian majority as 'excellent'.[6]
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In the1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine Lifta,Romema, andShaykh Badr which were strategically located on the road leaving Jerusalem toTel-Aviv, were an operational priority for Jewish forces. Some families had already left the village after a decision had been made somewhat earlier on 4 December, to evacuate its women and children, in order to host a military company, and on 4 December 1947 some Arab families left.[39] By mid-December irregular Arab militia took up positions in Lifta to defend the site.Hagannah patrols engaged in firefights with the village militiamen whileIrgun andLehi were even more aggressive. On 28 December 1947, the village suffered from what survivors called theLifta massacre when a Jewish militia launched a machine-gun and grenade assault on the café of Salah Eisa. In order to warn residents that they should evacuate, themukhtar's home was incinerated, and 20 buildings blown up as the village was put under siege.[8][a] The attack left seven dead, and more women and children left the village. The village was suffering from food shortages in the beginning of January. Subsequently, a number of the villagers returned home, withBenny Morris reporting "some, or most" doing so. Subsequently,Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, while visiting the village, ordered the women, children and elderly to evacuate and the men to stay put. On 29 January, a Lehi raid blew up 3 houses in the village. By early February the village was abandoned by the irregular militia.Benny Morris lists the cause of the depopulation of the village as being a military assault on the settlement.[2]
According to one resident, interviewed in 2021, there were are around 40,000 descendants of the original refugee population, dispersed in East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Jordan and thePalestinian diaspora.[8] Several families still retain their Ottoman period property deeds, attesting to their ownership of parts of Lifta.[8]
After the expulsion of its Palestinian villagers, of Lifta's 410 homes, 60 stone houses, some three stories high, remained, together with its mosque, an olive press, and a tiled pathway to a spring.[8] It is listed byUnesco as a potentialWorld Heritage Site, and in 2018, theWorld Heritage Fund registered the village among a list of 24 heritage sites that were endangered.[8]
Lifta was used for Jewish refugee housing during the war, and following the war theJewish Agency and the state of Israel settled Jewish immigrants fromYemen andKurdistan in the village, totaling 300 families. However ownership of the houses was not registered in their name. Living conditions in Lifta were difficult, the buildings were in poor repair, poor roads and transport, and lack of electricity, water, and sanitation infrastructure.[12][5][40][41] In 1969-71 most of the Jewish inhabitants of Lifta chose to leave as part of a compensation program byAmidar. Holes were drilled in the roofs of the evacuated buildings to make them less inhabitable, so that squatters wouldn't take up residence. 13 families, who lived in the portion of the village close toHighway 1 and didn't suffer from transportation issues chose to remain.[42]
In the 1980s, Lifta was declared a municipalnature reserve under the auspices of theIsrael Nature and Parks Authority.[43][44]
In 1984, one of the abandoned buildings in the village was occupied by the "Lifta gang", a Jewish group plotting the blow up the mosques on theTemple Mount, who were stopped at the gates of the site with 250 pounds of explosives, hand grenades, and other armaments.[45][46]
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Following the departure of the Jewish residents, some of the buildings in the village were used for Lifta drug abuse rehabilitation center for adolescents, which was closed in 2014,[47] and from 1971 for the Lifta high school, an open education school, which relocated toGerman Colony, Jerusalem in 2001.[48]
In 2011, plans were announced to demolish the village and build a luxury development consisting of 212 luxury housing units and a hotel.[49] Former residents brought a legal petition to preserve the village as a historic site.[50] Lifta was the last remaining Arab village that was depopulated to have not been either completely destroyed or re-inhabited.[49] In 2012, the plans to rebuild the village as an upscale neighborhood were rejected by the Jerusalem District Court.[51][6]
By 2011, three books about the Palestinian village history had been published.[52]
In June 2017 the last Jewish residents left the village following a settlement with the government who acknowledged they were not squatters but rather resettled in Lifta by the appropriate authorities.[53]In July 2017 Mei Neftoach was declared a national nature reserve.[9] 55 out of 450 pre-1948 stone houses are still standing.[54][5]
In 2021, theIsrael Land Administration, without informing beforehand the Jerusalem Municipality authorities, announced onJerusalem Day that it was reported to be preparing a tender for the construction of a luxury neighborhood on the village's ruins, projected to consist of 259 villas, a hotel, and a mall.[6] On 11 August 2022, the plan to demolish Lifta and build luxury housing was shelved, with newJerusalemmayorMoshe Lion seeking to preserve the village of Lifta and transform it into aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. The previousMayor of Jerusalem,Israeli businessman and politicianNir Barkat, had initially approved the plan for Lifta's demolition before changing his mind, opposing the development plans after visiting the site. Currently, Lifta is still on the list ofUNESCO's tentativeWorld Heritage Sites.[55]
In 2010, an archaeological survey was conducted at Lifta by Mordechai Heiman on behalf of theIsrael Antiquities Authority (IAA).[56]
Lifta was among the wealthiest communities in the Jerusalem area, and the women were known for their fineembroidery[57][when?]Thob Ghabani bridal dresses were sewn in Lifta. They were made ofghabani, a natural cotton covered with gold color silk floral embroidery produced inAleppo, and were narrower than other dresses. The sleeves were also more tapered. The sides, sleeves and chest panel of the dress were adorned with silk insets. The dresses were ordered by brides inBethlehem.[58] The married women of Lifta wore a distinctive conicalshaṭweh head-dress, that was also worn inBethlehem,Ayn Karim,Beit Jala andBeit Sahour.[59][when?]
ערבים מכפרי הסביבה - ליפתא, דיר יאסין, עין כרם, מלחה, בית צפאפא, צור באהר וסילואן - ובדווים ממדבר יהודה תקפו בנשק חם את שכונות הספר היהודיות של ירושלים [Arabs from the surrounding villages - Lifta, Dir Yasin, Ein Karem, Makcha, Beit Tsfafa, Tsur Baher and Silwan - and Bedouin from the Yehuda desert attacked the Jewish neighborhoods of Jerusalem with guns]
לאחר דין ודברים עם השוטרים הותר לקבוצת ערבים מכפר ליפתא לחזור לכפרם דרך רחוב יפו. בהגיעם לרחוב פתחו הליפתאים מיד בשוד החנויות ובפגיעות ביהודים [After discussion with the police, a group of Arabs from Lifta was allowed to return to their village via Yaffa Street. Once there, they right away started looting the shops and attacking Jews]
וקבוצה אחת בפיקודו של המוכתר מליפתא עלתה על גג והמטירה אש על רחוב יפו [and one group under the command of the Mukhtar of Lifta rained down fire on Yaffa Street]
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