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Apodpolkovnik (Russian:подполко́вник,lit. 'sub –, junior –, or lowerregimentary') is amilitary rank inSlavic and nearby countries which corresponds to thelieutenant colonel in the English-speaking states and military.[1]
In different languages the exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings.[1] The transliteration is also in common usage for the sake of tradition dating back to the Old Slavonic word "polk" (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following names:
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| Lieutenant colonel Подполко́вник (Podpolkovnik) | |
|---|---|
  Army and air force insignia | |
| Country |  Russia |
| Service branch |  Russian Ground Forces Russian Air Force |
| Formation | Early16th century |
| Next higher rank | Polkovnik |
| Next lower rank | Majór |
| Equivalent ranks | Kapitan 2-go ranga |
In Russia, the rank of lieutenant colonel is calledpodpolkovnik (Russian:подполко́вник,lit. 'sub-colonel'). First it appeared in Russia as appointment or assignment to the assistant or deputy commander of aregiment sized military formation at the end of the 15th — early 16th centuries.
In theStreltsy formations, as a general role, thepodpolkovnik was responsible for all administrative tasks and functions. Normally it was ofnobility orboyar origin.
From the 17th - to early 17th century, there was arank and an appointment under the designationpolupolkovnik (Russian:полуполко́вник,IPA:[polʊpɐlˈkovnʲɪk]). Beyond its normal responsibilities, he was in charge to command the second half of the regiment, the rear -, reserve -, and other regular units (until the introduction of thebattalion structure).
From the introduction of theRussian table of ranks to the abolishment in 1917,podpolkovnik was quoted to rank positioned VII, and until 1856, it was privileged by hereditary nobility.[2]
In 1884, as themayor rank in the Russian army was suppressed, allmayors, by exemption of retirement, loss of civil rights, or mercilessly, were converted topodpolkovnik. From this moment, the rankpodpolkovnik was equivalent to the rankarmed forces'starshina (Russian:войскова́я старшина́,romanized: voyskovaja starshina,lit. 'head of the armed forces',pronounced[vəjskɐˈvajəstərʂɨˈna]). Before 1884, thearmed forces' starshina was adequate tomayor. In line to this reform, the shoulder board rank insignia had been changed from two big stars to three smaller ones.
To the formations of the so-called leyb-guard (Russian:лейб гва́рдия,romanized:leyb-gvardija,IPA:[lʲejbˈɡvardʲɪjə]), the rankpodpolkovnik had not been introduced. Normally,kapitan officers might have been promoted topolkovnik immediately, by skipping the ranksmajor andpodpolkovnik.
In theImperial Russian Navy, the rankKapitan 2nd rank was equivalent topodpolkovnik, in the civil administration it was corresponding toprivy councillor (Russian:надво́рный сове́тник,romanized:nadvornjy sovetnik,IPA:[nɐˈdvornɨjsɐˈvʲetʲnʲɪk]). The rankpodpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army.
In the white voluntary army, the rank was in the period from December 1917 to November 1918. Then it was abolished as well, and harmonized to the Kapitan ranks of the guard and other officers of the other formations. However, in the Russian army of generalPyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel thepodpolkovnik rank was reestablished in April 1920.
By foundation of the Soviet Union, the rank designation and rank insignia of theImperial Russian Army were suppressed. An equivalent rank topodpolkovnik was created in 1924, by the introduction of the so-calledstatus category 8 rank – (English:'assistant commander of the regiment and equivalent personnel'; Russian:помо́щник команди́ра полка́ и ему́ ра́вные,IPA:[pɐˈmoʂnʲɪkkəmɐnʲˈdʲirəpɐlˈkaijɪˈmuˈravnɨje]). However, this was overtaken by the introduction of individual ranks in 1935.[3]
Podpolkovnik as a military rank was reintroduced on September 1, 1939, by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (from September 2, 1939), and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2690 (article 41, pertaining the law of universal compulsory military service), published by the order No. 226 of the People's Commissar of Defence (from July 26, 1940).[4]
TheRed Army used this rank together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it has been used in many ex-USSR countries, includingRussia, to the present day.
By the first promotion to that particular rank the hitherto (old)polkovnik collar distinction insignia with three parallel bars had to be used. The newpolkovnik rank was from now on characterized by four bars. This insignia had to be worn until the introduction of shoulder boards, and were finally replaced in 1943.
In the Soviet navy, the rankkapitan 2nd rank was equivalent topodpolkovnik. In the civil administration it was corresponding toprivy councillor (Russian:надво́рный сове́тник). The rankpodpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army. In the military political organization, it was equivalent tostarshy battalion commissar (Russian:ста́рший батальо́нный комисса́р,IPA:[ˈstarʂɨjbətɐˈlʲjɵnːɨjkəmʲɪˈsar]), another corresponding rank designation wasSpecialist 1st rank (pertaining to: military engineers, surgeons, commissionaires, veterinary surgeons, and legal personnel).
In late 1943, shoulder boards were reintroduced as rank designation. From this moment in thepodpolkovnik rank of the Red Army was specified by two big horizontal stars, on shoulder boards, with parallel piping (two straps). The stars had to be established on a distance of 35 mm from the lower end of the shoulder board (Rules to wear military uniforms in the Soviet Army and the Navy). From 7 November 1944, the stars were pinned direct (symmetrically to the piping) on piping.
If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. "Gurds podpolkovnik"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement".
Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.
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![Подполковник Podpolkovnik[6] (Bulgarian Land Forces)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aRank_insignia_of_%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_of_the_Bulgarian_Army.png)
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