Liberland's official website states that the nation was founded in the wake of the ongoingCroatia–Serbia border dispute.[4][5][6] According to Jedlička, this dispute resulted in a plot of land west of the Danube being unclaimed by either country.[5][7] The parcel of land in question is 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi) in area, roughly the same size asGibraltar. It has been administered by Croatia since theCroatian War of Independence.[8] Liberland has norecognition from any recognized nation.[9] The land lacks infrastructure and lies on thefloodplain of the Danube.[10][11] Croatia has frequently blocked off access to Gornja Siga since 2015. As a result, a number of people, including Jedlička, have been arrested for trying to enter the claimed land.[12]
The dispute regarding the border along theDanube River valley first arose in 1947 but was left unresolved during the existence of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It became a contentious issue after thebreak-up of Yugoslavia. Serbia holds the opinion that thethalweg of the Danube valley and the centre line of the river represents theinternational border between the two countries. Croatia disagrees and claims that the international border lies along the boundaries of thecadastral municipalities located along the river—departing from the course at several points—reflecting the course of the Danube which existed in the 19th century beforemeandering andhydraulic engineering works altered its course. As a result, Croatia claims a large part of the disputed area controlled by Serbia, while Serbia does not claim the much smaller parts controlled by Croatia. Jedlička says that the land he has claimed, known asGornja Siga (meaning 'uppertufa') was not claimed by either side.[7][5]
The area is about 700 hectares (1,700 acres)—about the size ofGibraltar—and most of it is covered in forest with no residents. A journalist from the Czech newspaperParlamentní listy [cs], who visited the area in April 2015, found a house that had been abandoned for about thirty years, according to people living in the vicinity. The access road was reported to be in a bad condition.[13] TheDanube, aninternational waterway with free access to theBlack Sea for severallandlocked nations, runs along the self-proclaimed territory.
History
Proclamation
Yellow-colored areas to the east of the river are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia. Green areas to the west of the river are claimed by neither (Croatia asserts that the green parts are part of Serbia, but Serbia does not claim them). This led Jedlička to assert that the green parts have remained unclaimed by both sides; the territory claimed by Liberland is the largest green-coloured land parcel, marked as "Siga" on the map.
Jedlička is a member of the CzechParty of Free Citizens, which bases its values onclassical liberal ideology.[5] According to him, since no nation claims the land as its own, he could therefore claim it using theterra nullius doctrine; the borders, he argued, respected both Croatia and Serbia's sovereignty.[14] He intended the state to be a tax-free haven. He had reportedly consultedWikipedia'spage regarding unclaimed territories, shown to him by his libertarian friend, in selecting a spot to proclaim the micronation.[15]
Proposed governance
The founders claim to have been inspired by countries likeMonaco andLiechtenstein.[14] On 18 December 2015, Jedlička held an event at which he presented the firstprovisional government of Liberland and its ministers of finance, foreign affairs, interior and justice as well as two vice presidents.[16] Liberland successfully conducted its first congress election on October 5, 2024, entirely through blockchain technology.[17]
Attempts to access territory
Croatian authorities have frequently blocked access to the area since the beginning of May 2015.[18][19] In May 2015, Vít Jedlička and his translator Sven Sambunjak were briefly detained by Croatian police after making an attempt to cross the border. Jedlička spent one night in detention and then was convicted and ordered to pay a fine for illegal crossing of the Croatian border[20] but appealed the verdict. He claimed that there were at least three Liberland citizens inside the area, who came from Switzerland.[21][22][23][24] Later that month, Vít Jedlička was detained again.[25] Initially, reporters were able to enter the area with Jedlička[13] but subsequently they were also denied entry, including journalists from the Serbian public broadcast serviceRadio Television of Vojvodina,[26] and from the Bosnian newspaperDnevni avaz.[27]
The detained were from various countries, including theRepublic of Ireland,Germany,Denmark, and theUnited States.[19] Croatian police have continued detaining people, including those that entered the area by boat (via an international waterway).[28][29][30] One of them, Danish activist Ulrik Grøssel Haagensen, was placed in house arrest for 5 days before being sentenced to 15 days of prison, triggering some protests in Denmark.[31][32] In May 2016, several appeals court decisions from Croatia were published. The court upheld that the crossings from Croatia were illegal, but found the convictions for crossings from Serbia improper. The court said that the lower court committed "a fundamental breach of misdemeanour proceedings" and "essential procedural violations". It further ruled that "the facts were incorrectly and incompletely established [by the prosecutor] which could lead to misapplication of substantive law". A retrial was ordered in 6 of the 7 appeals. The lower court is required to determine the location of the border and the border crossing.[33][needs update]
Repeated attempts at settlement
Flag of Liberland
In April 2023,YouTuberNiko Omilana—together with a collaborator—went past the Croatian border police usingjet skis, entering the disputed territory to plant a flag. They were both confronted by a policeman who forced them to lie down on the ground and kicked them, but they were ultimately released. The footage was uploaded on YouTube in July of the same year, and received millions of views the following days, as well as coverage in Croatian and Serbian media.[34][35] During August 2023, Liberland movement supporters and journalists managed to obtain unofficial access to the land parcel.[36][37] However, this was brought to an end on 21 September 2023, as Croatian police launched an intervention. During the police action, some makeshift wooden buildings, which the Liberland supporters had constructed earlier, were taken down. Liberland supporters also complained about confiscations of property.[38][39] Croatian police has confirmed that they secured the location during the work with the demolition, and made three arrests, according toDnevnik Nove TV.[39] Jedlička was banned from entering Croatia and Gornja Siga for five years due to 'extremist activities'.[15] By November 2023, some supporters had returned to the territory, setting up camp on ariver island adjacent to the Danube which lay within their claimed territory.[40]
As of March 2024, Liberland had 1,200 registered 'citizens' who had paid up to $10,000 to obtainLiberlandian passports, and 735,000 citizenship requests. People who accessed the claimed territory of Liberland and stayed for at least a week qualified for free citizenship status and was eligible to earn “Liberland Merits”, a Liberlander cryptocurrency, if they helped with construction on the territory, which included 'Liberland's first house'. More than 200 people successfully accessed the territory during Jedlička's attempt to land on Liberland in March.[15]
Public reactions
Journalists have been uncertain as to how serious Jedlička is about his claims, with some calling it apublicity stunt.[41][42] On 20 May 2015,Petr Mach, the leader of theParty of Free Citizens, expressed support for the creation of a state based on ideas of freedom, adding that the Party of Free Citizens wants the Czech Republic to become a similarly free country.[43] Goran Vojković, professor of law and columnist from the Croatian news portalIndex.hr, described Liberland as a "circus which threatens Croatian territory", and argued that there was a risk that Croatia's claim to control land on the other side of the Danube may be weakened by the attention that the Liberland project has drawn to the border dispute.[44] In 2016, an article inStratfor summarized the initiative as follows: "Liberland is a curious case because, in principle, none of the actors that could claim control over it seems interested in doing so. But this will probably remain a curiosity with negligible consequences at the international level. For the rest of the world's disputed territories, violence and diplomacy will remain the main tools to claim ownership."[45]
Liberland has been involved in several commercial operations, including the issuing of coins and postage stamps[46] and various activities in the cryptocurrency industry.[47] The micronation also relies on voluntary donations and taxation. Liberland reported $1.5 million in annual income according to financial reports released by Liberland in 2023.[48] More than 99% of Liberland's reserves are held in the cryptocurrencyBitcoin, which policy experts stated as 'unwise'. Christopher Carr, a lecturer in cryptography and blockchain atExeter University, stated that Liberland risked the same challengesEl Salvador faced since it adopted bitcoin as a currency in 2021.[49]
Legal analysis and lack of diplomatic recognition
Both Croatia and Serbia have dismissed Jedlička's claims as frivolous.[50] While theSerbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs considered the affair to be a trivial matter, it affirmed that Liberland did not infringe upon its sovereignty.[50] In contrast, Croatia, which currently administers the land in question, has found the idea "provocative" and suggested bringing it to a stop even if by force; rejecting the idea that the land isterra nullius, it has stated that after international arbitration, the land should be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.[51][52] TheCzech Ministry of Foreign Affairs has also disassociated itself from the activities of Jedlička, finding them inappropriate, illegal, and potentially harmful, and has asked him to respect local law.[53][54] Legal experts in both Serbia and Croatia have asserted that, under international law, Jedlička lacks the right to claim the area.[18][55][56]
There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any member nation-state of theUnited Nations.[9] Jedlička has visited another unrecognized republic,Somaliland, a self-declared state that proclaimed its independence fromSomalia in 1991, and discussed mutual recognition with them.[57] The micronationsKingdom of Enclava,Kingdom of North Sudan, andPrincipality of Sealand have expressed support for the idea of Liberland.[45][58][59] Liberland has recently pursued closer relations with Argentina after the election of libertarian presidentJavier Milei, who had previously mentioned Liberland at a convention in 2019.[60]
^Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Minister Dr. Miro Kovač Class: 212-03/15-01/1, NO: 521 – V- 02/16-9, Zagreb, 12 May 2016
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