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WithinRussian political parties, liberal parties advocate the expansion of political and civil freedoms and mostly oppose Russian presidentVladimir Putin. In Russia, the term "liberal" can refer to wide range of politicians, from thecentre-right and proponents ofshock therapy toleft-liberals and progressives. The term "liberal democrats" is often used for members of the far-right nationalistLiberal Democratic Party of Russia. There areRussian opposition and pro-government liberal political parties in Russia. Pro-government liberal politicians support Putin's policy in economics.
There are no liberal factions in Russian parliament at the moment.Centre-left liberalism was represented in theState Duma ofRussian parliament by theRussian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" (7.86% in1993 election, 6.89% in 1995, 5.93% in 1999). Pro-government liberalism was represented by theOur Home – Russia (10.13% in1995 election), the liberal political party founded by Prime MinisterViktor Chernomyrdin.Centre-right liberalism was represented by the pro-capitalist partyDemocratic Choice of Russia (15.51% in 1993) and its successor, theUnion of Right Forces (8.52% in1999 election).Yabloko and theRepublican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party are members ofAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.[1] Yabloko is also a member ofLiberal International. SinceVladimir Putin's rise to power in 2000, many liberal parties and politicians have been persecuted.
Liberalism emerged in Russia before the Russian Revolution and continued to develop among Constitutional Democrats such asPavel Milyukov living in exile after 1917.[2] After the fall of communism, several new liberal parties were formed, but only one of themYabloko (Yabloko – Rosiyskaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya, a member ofLiberal International) succeeded in becoming a relevant force. This is aleft-of-center liberal party. TheUnion of Right Forces (Soyuz Pravykh Sil, a member ofInternational Democrat Union) is aright-of-center liberal party. It can also be seen as a democratic conservative market party. In this scheme, the party is not included as liberal, being considered a democratic conservative party, but it can also be called liberal because of its pro-free-market andanti-authoritarianism stances. The so-calledLiberal Democratic Party of Russia is not at all "liberal" – it is anultranationalist,right-wing populist party.
The Yabloko is a member of theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party andLiberal International.
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The Democratic Choice of Russia was a centre-right liberal pro-capitalist political party.
The Union of Right Forces was a Russian centre-right liberal opposition political party.
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Solidarnost is a liberal democratic political movement founded in 2008 by a number of well-known members of the liberal democratic opposition, includingGarry Kasparov,Boris Nemtsov and others from the Yabloko and former Union of Right Forces (which had just merged with two pro-Kremlin parties).
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People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption" is a liberal democratic coalition founded in 2010 by opposition politiciansVladimir Ryzhkov,Boris Nemtsov,Mikhail Kasyanov andVladimir Milov and their organisationsRepublican Party of Russia,Solidarnost,Russian People's Democratic Union andDemocratic Choice. The RPR-PARNAS is a member ofAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.[1]
In 2012, the coalition merged into the officially registeredRussian political party RPR-PARNAS (Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party).
The RPR-PARNAS is a centre-right liberal opposition political party and it represented inregional parliament inYaroslavl Oblast.
Most liberal parties, namelyYabloko,People's Freedom Party andRussia of the Future, condemned Vladimir Putin's decision to invade Ukraine. Parts of the movement likeNew People, however, supported the war which was condemned by majority liberal activists.
Mikhail Speransky is sometimes called the father of Russian liberalism.[citation needed] His ideas were discussed and elaborated by such 19th-century liberal republican radicals asAlexander Herzen,Boris Chicherin, andKonstantin Kavelin. Based on their ideals, various early 20th-century liberal parties evolved, the most important of them being the Constitutional-Democratic Party, headed byPavel Milyukov.
Russian Empire:Pavel Milyukov, A prominent leader of the Kadets who played a crucial role in advocating for civil rights and constitutional governance.
Soviet Union:Andrei Sakharov, A notable dissident and human rights activist who championed civil liberties during the Soviet era.Russia:Boris Nemtsov,Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 1998, one of the most prominent critics of Vladimir Putin's regime, leader ofUnion of Right Forces.Liberalism in Russia has undergone significant transformations from its early roots to contemporary challenges. While it has faced considerable obstacles from authoritarian regimes, it remains an essential part of Russia's political discourse. The ongoing struggle forcivil rights,democratic governance, andeconomic freedom continues to define the trajectory of liberal movements within the country.
