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Liberal conservatism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political ideology within conservatism
This article is about the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism. For the conservative wing of the liberal movement, seeConservative liberalism.
Not to be confused withLibertarian conservatism.
Part ofa series on
Conservatism
Part ofa series on
Liberalism

Liberal conservatism is apolitical ideology combiningconservative policies withliberal stances, especially oneconomic issues but also onsocial andethical matters,[1] representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates theclassical liberal view of minimalgovernment intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in themarket andgenerate wealth without government interference.[2] However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensurelaw and order and that socialinstitutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] Liberal conservatives also supportcivil liberties, along with somesocially conservative positions. They differ onsocial issues, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support therule of law regardingcivil rights,social equality andthe environment.[3][4] This is equated with the creation of acohesive andtolerant society with increased levels ofindividual responsibility and lessinequality.[5]

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment toindividualism, belief innegative freedom, a lightly regulated free market, and a minimalrule of law state.[6] A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such asThatcherism,[2] were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.[6] However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.[6] Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.[6]

Overview, definitions and usage

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Bothconservatism andliberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The termliberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts witharistocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as therule of law,private property, themarket economy andconstitutionalrepresentative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the termliberal conservatism came to be understood simply asconservatism in popular culture,[7] prompting some conservatives who embraced more stronglyclassical-liberal values to call themselveslibertarians instead.[8] However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.[9]

In their embrace of liberal andfree market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holdingnational-conservative, fullysocially conservative and/or outrightpopulist views, let alone aright-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense ofcivil rights and support for a limitedwelfare state.[citation needed] Compared to other centre-right political traditions such asChristian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.[citation needed]

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to theEuropean People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such asChristian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, theChristian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, theChristian Democratic Union in Germany and thePeople's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such asNew Democracy in Greece, theSocial Democratic Party in Portugal, thePeople's Party in Spain,Forza Italia/The People of Freedom/Forza Italia in Italy, theUnion for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to theEastern Bloc andYugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse,liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms ofsocial safety net andenvironmentalism (see alsogreen conservatism andgreen liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (theModerate Party in Sweden, theConservative Party in Norway and theNational Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the BritishConservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office asPrime Minister in 2010,David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.[10] During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom andhuman rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[11]

Relation to American conservatism

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In the United States, conservatives often combine the economicindividualism of classical liberals with aBurkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[12] From a different perspective,American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and forpatriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.[13][clarification needed] Consequently, the termliberal conservatism is not used in the United States.Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different fromEuropean liberalism and occupies thecentre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with thecentre andcentre-right whilesocial democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true inLatin America, whereeconomically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric ofneoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[14]

Althoughlibertarian conservatism has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,[9] libertarian conservatism is far moreanti-statist than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.[15] Combiningconservative cultural principles but with less social intervention and a morelaissez faire economic system.Neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.[16] However,Peter Lawler has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.[17]

Classical conservatism and economic liberalism

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Edmund Burke

Historically,conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for establishedtradition, respect forauthority andreligious values. This form oftraditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings ofJoseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneousliberalism, now recalled asclassical liberalism, advocated bothpolitical freedom for individuals and afree market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated byJohn Locke,Montesquieu,Voltaire,Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Ben Franklin,Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Paine,Edward Gibbon,David Hume,Adam Smith,Jeremy Bentham andJohn Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers ofliberalism, includingeconomic liberalism, theseparation of church and state,social liberalism andutilitarianism.

Alexis de Tocqueville

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[18] Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such asEdmund Burke andAlexis de Tocqueville[19] as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works ofRaymond Aron andMichael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule ofmeritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in theWestern world came to adopt free market economic ideas as theIndustrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the termliberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case incontinental Europe,[20] Australia[21] andLatin America.[22]

Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions

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This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(January 2023)

Current parties

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Historical parties or factions

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Liberal-conservative organisations

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See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^The LDP was described as aliberal orconservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before theSecond Abe Cabinet, but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related toultranationalism andfascism. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-rightNippon Kaigi.)[62][63]
  2. ^The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy; a study by the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden found that the AKP isilliberal.[93]

Citations

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  6. ^abcdVincent 2009, p. 335.
  7. ^Johnston 2007, p. 155.
  8. ^Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011.
  9. ^abvan de Haar 2015, p. 71.
  10. ^Cameron, David (2010-05-16)."I am a Liberal Conservative". BBC. Retrieved18 August 2012.
  11. ^"Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference", BBC, October 2006
  12. ^Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112
  13. ^Wooldridge, Adrian; Micklethwait, John (2011).The Right Nation: Why America is Different. Penguin Books Limited.ISBN 9780241958896 – via Google Books.
  14. ^Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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  16. ^Oleksii Stus; Dmytro Finberg; Leonid Sinchenko, eds. (2021).Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 346.ISBN 9783838215518.The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...
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