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| Portuguese Civil War | |||||||
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 Battle of Ferreira Bridge, 23 July 1832 | |||||||
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 LiberalsSupported by:
|  MiguelitesSupported by:
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TheLiberal Wars (Portuguese:Guerras Liberais), also known as thePortuguese Civil War (Guerra Civil Portuguesa) and theWar of the Two Brothers (Guerra dos Dois Irmãos) was acivil war in Portugal that lasted from May 1828 to May 1834, fought betweenliberalprogressiveconstitutionalists (led by former KingPedro IV) andconservativetraditionalists (led by KingMiguel I) over the country'ssystem of government and royal succession. Embroiled parties included theKingdom of Portugal, Portuguese rebels, theUnited Kingdom,France, theCatholic Church,Spain andRussia.
The death of KingJohn VI in 1826 created a dispute over royal succession. While DomPedro, theEmperor of Brazil, was the king's oldest son, his younger brotherMiguel contended that Pedro had forfeited his claim to the throne by declaringBrazilian independence and by declaring war on the Kingdom of Portugal, therefore violating the succession rules mentioned in the Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom. Pedro briefly entitled himself King Pedro IV of Portugal. Neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, in 1826 Pedro revised thefirst constitution of Portugal granted in 1822 and abdicated the throne in favor of his daughter,Maria, a child of 7, while establishing his sisterIsabel Maria as regent.
In the PortugueseConstitutional Charter, Pedro attempted to reconcile traditionalists and liberals by allowing both factions a role in the government. Unlike the Constitution of 1822, this new document established four branches of government. TheLegislature was divided into two chambers. The upper chamber, theChamber of Peers, was composed of life and hereditary peers and clergy appointed by the king. The lower chamber, theChamber of Deputies, was composed of 111 deputies elected to four-year terms by the indirect vote of local assemblies, which in turn were elected by alimited suffrage of male tax-paying property owners. Judicial power was exercised by the courts; executive power by the ministers of the government; and moderative power by the king, who held an absolute veto over all legislation.
The traditionalist party of the landowners and theChurch, however, were not satisfied with this compromise, and they continued to regard Miguel as the legitimate successor to the throne on the grounds that according to the Portuguese succession rules (approved by theCortes after the1640 Restoration), Pedro had lost the right to the Portuguese crown, and therefore to choose a successor, when he took possession of a foreign crown (Brazil). They were alarmed by the liberal reforms that had been initiated in Spain by the detestedRevolutionary French (reforms from which the Portuguese feudal aristocracy had been spared) and took heart at the recent restoration of the autocraticFerdinand VII in Spain (1823) who was eradicating all the Napoleonic innovations. In February 1828, Miguel returned to Portugal, ostensibly to take the oath of allegiance to the Charter and assume the regency. He was immediately proclaimed king by his supporters, who pressed him to return to absolutism. A month after his return, Miguel dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers and, in May, summoned the traditional Cortes of the three estates of the realm to proclaim his accession to absolute power.[4] The Cortes of 1828 assented to Miguel's wish, proclaiming him king asMiguel I of Portugal and nullifying the Constitutional Charter.
This alleged usurpation did not go unchallenged by the Liberals. On May 18, the garrison inPorto, the center of Portuguese progressives, declared its loyalty to Pedro IV and his daughter Maria II, and the Constitutional Charter. The rebellion against the absolutists spread to other cities. Miguel suppressed these rebellions, and many thousands of Liberals were either arrested or fled to Spain and Britain. There followed five years of repression.
Meanwhile, in Brazil, relations between Pedro and Brazil's agricultural magnates had become strained. In April 1831, Pedro abdicated in Brazil in favor of his son,Pedro II, and sailed forBritain. He organized a military expedition there and then went toTerceira island in theAzores, which was in the hands of the Liberals, to set up a government in exile. The government of Miguel blockaded the island, but the blockading squadron was attacked by a French squadron during the run-up to theBattle of the Tagus, where severalMiguelist ships were captured. (Half of the liberal army consisted of French, British, Spanish and Belgian soldiers).
In July 1832, with the backing of Liberals in Spain and Britain, an expedition led by Pedro landed near Porto, in theLanding at Mindelo, which the Miguelites abandoned and where, after military activities including theBattle of Ponte Ferreira, Pedro and his associates werebesieged by Miguelite forces for nearly a year. To protect British interests, a naval squadron under CommanderWilliam Nugent Glascock inHMSOrestes was stationed in theDouro, where it came under fire from both sides.In June 1833, the Liberals, still encircled at Porto, sent to theAlgarve a force commanded by theDuke of Terceira supported by a naval squadron commanded byCharles Napier, using the alias 'Carlos de Ponza'. The Duke of Terceira landed atFaro and marched north through theAlentejo to capture Lisbon on July 24. Meanwhile, Napier's squadron encountered the absolutists' fleet nearCape Saint Vincent (Cabo São Vicente) and decisively defeated it at the fourthBattle of Cape St. Vincent. The Liberals were able to occupy Lisbon, where Pedro moved from Porto and repulsed a Miguelite siege. A stalemate of nine months ensued. Following the death of Ferdinand VII Spain changed sides and started to support the liberals. Towards the end of 1833, Maria da Glória was proclaimed queen, and Pedro was made regent. His first act was to confiscate the property of all who had served under King Miguel. He also suppressed all religious houses and confiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with Rome for nearly eight years, until mid-1841. The absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy, and by a peasantry that was galvanized by the Church.
The Liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizable following among the middle classes. Operations against the Miguelites began again in earnest in early 1834, a year marked by the end of Spanish support which had changed sides to the liberals in 1833. Meanwhile, the Liberal army had suffered a sound defeat atAlcácer do Sal, which proved that, despite the Duke of Terceira's recent march from Faro to Lisbon, the south was still loyal to the Miguelites. In the southernmost region ofContinental Portugal, the region ofAlgarve, a man known asRemexido, hidden in the mountainous terrain aroundSão Marcos da Serra, became a legend as a guerrilla loyal to the legitimist, antiliberal Miguelites until well after the end of the Liberal Wars.
TheBattle of Asseiceira, fought on May 16, 1834, was the last and decisive engagement of the Portuguese Civil War. The Miguelist army was still formidable (about 18,000 men), but on May 26, 1834, atEvoramonte, to end the bloodbath in the country after six years of civil war[5] a peace was declared under a concession by whichMiguel formally renounced all claims to thethrone of Portugal, was guaranteed an annual pension, and was definitively exiled.Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter, but he died September 24, 1834. In truth this was theofficial peace as Miguellist groups were still in action until the 1840s.
Maria da Glória resumed her interrupted reign asMaria II of Portugal.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Country Studies.Federal Research Division.
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