Liberal Party of New York | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chairperson | Vacant |
| Spokesperson | Martin I. Hassner |
| Founder | George Counts |
| Founded | 1944; 82 years ago (1944) |
| Split from | American Labor Party |
| Headquarters | New York City,NY,U.S. |
| Ideology | Social liberalism[1] |
| Colors | Green,red |
| New York State Assembly | 0 / 150 |
| New York State Senate | 0 / 63 |
| New York City Council | 0 / 51 |
| Website | |
| liberalparty.org | |
TheLiberal Party of New York is apolitical party inNew York. Itsplatform supports a standard set ofsocially liberal policies, includingabortion rights, increased spending oneducation, anduniversal health care.[2][3]
Members of theCommunist Party USA started joining theAmerican Labor Party andIsrael Amter, chair of the Communist Party, called for the "building of the American Labor Party".[4] Although its constitution specifically barred Communists from the organization, there was no enforcement for this provision and large numbers flocked to registration as ALP members from the Communist-ledUnited Electrical Workers,Transport Workers, andState, County, and Municipal Workers.[5] Communists in the ALP opposed reelecting Roosevelt in the1940 presidential election and the party's leadership started an attempt to remove them from the party. The party condemned theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Fights broke out at the party's convention, where Roosevelt was given the nomination despite an attempted resolution condemning Roosevelt.[6]
Sidney Hillman, a member of the left-wing, threatened to have theAmalgamated Clothing Workers of America become involved in the 1944 state committee elections if the party's leadership voted against a proposal to increase union control over the party. The right-wing rejected it.Adolf A. Berle andEleanor Roosevelt supported the party's right-wing while Franklin Roosevelt wanted to avoid conflict between the factions.Fiorello La Guardia proposed a compromise in which the state executive committee would be divided between the factions and no communist would be on the election slate. Hillman accepted the proposal, butDavid Dubinsky rejected it. The left-wing won 620 of the 750 committee seats.[7]
1,124 delegates attended the convention from May 19 to 20, 1944, whereFranklin D. Roosevelt was given the presidential nomination.[8][9] Many of the leaders of the Liberal Party were former members of theSocialist Party of America andAmerican Labor Party.[10]Paul Blanshard,August Claessens, andHarry W. Laidler were among the founders.[11]John L. Childs was selected to serve as the party's chair.[12] The party was given $50,000 by theInternational Ladies Garment Workers Union and spent $200,000 during the 1944 election, three times what the ALP spent.[13] The party had 150 union affiliates by 1948.[12]Alex Rose was one of the strongest leaders in the party until his death in 1976. Raymond Harding succeeded Rose as chair and served until 2002.[14]
The Liberals attempted to give their mayoral nomination toWendell Willkie, but he died and they instead nominatedJonah J. Goldstein.[15] Dubinsky stated that the "national third party project died" with Willkie.[16] Berle replaced Childs as the party's chair in 1947. He did not support the creation of a national party and was more supportive of the Democrats.[17] The party was a member ofA. Philip Randolph's National Educational Committee for a New Party from 1945 to 1947.[16]Louis P. Goldberg andIra J. Palestin were elected to theNew York City Council in the 1945 election, becoming the first elected Liberals.[18] The party supportedJames M. Mead andHerbert H. Lehman in the 1946 gubernatorial and senatorial elections, but both lost and less than 180,000 people voted on the Liberal line compared to over 400,000 votes on the ALP line. The party received enough votes in the gubernatorial election to become a recognized party.[19]
In 1947, the Liberal, Communist, ALP, Socialist, and other third parties successfully opposed legislation to increase the threshold to become a recognized party, but the Liberals supported theWilson Pakula act, which was opposed by the Communists and ALP. The Liberals unsuccessfully opposed the referendum to end the usage of proportional representation for city council elections in New York City.[20] The Liberals lost their seats on the New York City council after the end of proportional representation.[21]
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The Liberals supportedHenry A. Wallace's cabinet appointment causingThe Wall Street Journal to accuse the ALP and Liberals of grooming him for a presidential run in the1948 election. However, Liberal opinion soured on Wallace with Dubinsky calling him a "darling of the fellow travelers" and Berle calling him the front man for Communists.[22] In March 1947, the Liberal Party Policy Committee called for a presidential campaign byDwight D. Eisenhower. The passage ofHubert Humphrey's pro-civil rights plank at the1948 Democratic National Convention was one of the main reasons the Liberals endorsedHarry S. Truman on September 1, 1948.[23]Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives mainly with the Liberal nomination, and the Four Freedoms Party ballot line obtained with the aid of the Liberals, in 1949.[24][25]
The1949 New York City mayoral election was the first time that the Liberals received more votes than the ALP in a city-wide election.[26] Berle, Dubinsky, and Rose pushed forHerbert H. Lehman to seek the Democratic nomination in the1949 U.S. Senate election[27] and the number of votes he received on the Liberal ballot line was greater than his margin of victory.[28] Lehman received more votes on the Liberal ballot line than the ALP candidate in the1950 U.S. Senate election and the Liberals aided in ALP memberVito Marcantonio lose reelection. The Liberals replaced the ALP, the "shoddy tool of Moscow" according toBen Davidson, as Row C on the ballot.[29] The ALP lost its ballot access after the 1954 gubernatorial election and dissolved in 1956.[30] A special election for New York City council president was held in 1951 to fill the vacancy created byVincent R. Impellitteri ascending to the mayoralty. The party saw this as a chance to elect their first citywide official, but considered running a fusion campaign withNewbold Morris orJacob Javits. The Liberals nominatedRudolph Halley on the condition that he would not accept the Democratic nomination. Halley won the election.[31]
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The party was divided on who to support for the Democratic presidential nomination during the1952 presidential election. Berle supported U.S. SenatorPaul Douglas while other party members supportedEstes Kefauver,W. Averell Harriman, orAdlai Stevenson II. Stevenson's nomination "delighted" the Liberals according to Davidson. The party opposedJohn Sparkman's selection as Stevenson's running mate and Dubinsky threatened to withhold the party's nomination from Stevenson. However, Berle, Dubinsky, and Rose later argued in favor of endorsing the ticket due to them not having any other candidates.[32] In theconcurrent senatorial election the party opposed Democratic nomineeJohn Cashmore and instead ranGeorge Counts as their own candidate.[33]
Berle's tenure as chair ended in July 1955, and Counts was selected to replace him.[34] Counts stepped down in April 1959, and Paul R. Hays became acting chair before being elected chair in 1960.[35] During the 1956 election, Rose helped convince Kefauver to end his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. The party supported Kefauver's vice-presidential nomination bid and opposedJohn F. Kennedy. The Liberals endorsed the Stevenson and Kefauver presidential ticket on September 11.[36][37] Vincent Corsall was elected mayor ofOswego solely with the Liberal nomination in 1957, but lost reelection in 1959.[38] The party attempted to recruitThurgood Marshall to run againstAdam Clayton Powell Jr. in the 1958 U.S. House election, but he declined.[39]
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In 1960, the Liberal Party endorsed Kennedy for president. On September 14, 1960, he accepted the nomination, giving almost a 20-minute speech defendingAmerican Liberalism and his campaign. Here he also gave a famous quote about liberalism, stating "I'm proud to say I'm a Liberal." TheConservative Party of New York State was formed in 1962, and saw the Liberals as a model to follow. The party wanted to pressure the Republicans further to the right and opposedNelson Rockefeller and Javits, both of whom had been nominated by the Liberals in the past. The 1962 gubernatorial election was the worst performance for the Liberals at that point.[40] The party aidedRobert F. Kennedy in gaining the Democratic senatorial nomination in the1964 election and also gave him their ballot line. Kennedy won the election, but only received around 70,000 more votes than the Conservative ballot line.[41]
The party gave its nomination to Republican nomineeJohn Lindsay in the1965 New York City mayoral election, despite opposition from members likeLuigi Antonini, in exchange for one-third of the mayoral appointments, money for the Liberal campaign, and a citywide Liberal candidate.[42] The Liberals pressured PresidentLyndon B. Johnson to not become involved in the election and Dubinsky wrote to him about how the ALP endorsed both Roosevelt and La Guardia. Johnson gave his endorsement to the Democratic mayoral nominee late in the election. The Liberals spent $300,000 during the campaign and the number of votes Lindsay received on their ballot line was greater than his margin of victory.[43] Timothy Costello, the party's chair, was given the position of deputy mayor in Lindsay'sadministration.[44] Costello resigned as chair in order to take this position and was replaced byDonald S. Harrington.[45]
During the1966 gubernatorial election, Roosevelt lobbied the party's leadership for their nomination for months. Dubinsky "broke out the 20-year-old scotch" during a meeting according Roosevelt's friends. Dubinsky argued for supporting Roosevelt using polls showing him receiving at least one-fourth of the vote.Louis Stulberg and other leaders of the ILGWU opposed Roosevelt due to him not staying with the party after the 1949 election. Roosevelt won the party's nomination.Murray Kempton stated that the convention was under the thumb of "comrade secretary" Davidson, who chaired the convention. Harrington was selected as the lieutenant gubernatorial nominee.[46] Roosevelt received the highest number of votes for any Liberal gubernatorial nominee in history. However, the Liberals received less votes than the Conservatives and fell from Row C to Row D.[47]
The party was divided during the1968 Democratic primary as Costello and multiple upstate county chairs supportedEugene McCarthy while Stulberg and the ILGWU supported Johnson. The pro-Johnson elements of the party switched their support to Humphrey after Johnson dropped out. The party voted to endorse Humphrey on September 4.[48] The first statewide primary in the party's history occurred during the1968 U.S. Senate election. Rose wanted the party to endorse Javits, who they helped elect to the U.S. House in 1946, as he could easily gain them votes and they did not have control over who the Democratic nominee would be. However, left-wingers in the party were critical of Javits' stance on Vietnam and support forRichard Nixon. Stulberg believed that supporting Javits would help Nixon win the presidential election. Percy Sutton contested the nomination, but withdrew after the state committee made Javits the party's nominee. The ILGWU put Murray Baron onto the primary ballot, but Javits defeated him.[49]
The ILGWU made a push to reform the party after the 1966 election. They wanted to reduce his power over the party.[50] 25-30% of the party's budget came from the ILGWU, but started reducing its support in protest of Rose.[51] The ILGWU voted to disaffiliate from the Liberals in January 1969. ILGWU accused the party of being a "tail on the Republican kite" and was critical of Lindsay's mayoralty.[52] Lindsay ran for reelection in the1969 New York City mayoral election, but lost the Republican primary. He was given the Liberal nomination prior to the primary and continued his campaign as their nominee. Lindsay won reelection and four Liberals were elected to the city council. This was the first time they won seats on the city council since 1949. Rose and the Liberals became a major part of Lindsay's administration in his second term. The Liberals, as the official minority party in the city council, had additional patronage possibilities. Clingan was selected to be their caucus leader.[53] Liberals for New Politics, a group seeking to reform the party, was formed by Clingan and city councilor Charles Taylor. They ran Paul Siminoff for chair against Rose in 1970, but Rose was reelected.[54] Clingan and Taylor later left the party to join the Democrats.[55]
Arthur Goldberg, a friend of Rose, won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in the1970 election. Harrington and Costello were nominated as place holder candidates for governor and senator. Liberals for New Politics accused Rose of using them to gain more time to make a political deal. Goldberg appealed to the Liberals in a nine page letter to Harrington while Rockefeller sought to have Harrington run, where he would serve as a spoiler candidate. Goldberg was given the gubernatorial nomination whileCharles Goodell was given the senatorial nomination. Both of them lost their elections, with Goodell coming third behind Conservative nomineeJames L. Buckley.[56] The number of votes cast on the party's ballot line declined by almost 60% between the 1968 and 1972 presidential elections while Conservatives received twice as many votes.[57]
Rose told Lindsay to not seek reelection in the1973 election. Rose, Javits, and Rockefeller organized a meeting to attempt a Liberal and Republican fusion campaign. Rose wanted Javits to run, but he declined. Rose and Rockefeller supportedRobert F. Wagner Jr. and the Liberal Policy Committee endorsed him. However, Wagner withdrew from the election as he was not willing to contest a primary. The Liberals ranAlbert H. Blumenthal while the Republicans ranJohn J. Marchi. Liberals for New Politics ran J. Stanley Shaw against Blumenthal in the primary, but lost and Shaw instead endorsed Democratic nomineeAbraham Beame, who won the election.Henry Stern was the only Liberal elected to the New York City council in 1973.[58]
The Liberals initially supportedWalter Mondale during the1976 presidential primaries, but he withdrew. The party was divided between Humphrey,Henry M. Jackson,Mo Udall, andJimmy Carter. The party, despite a lack of enthusiasm, endorsed Carter, but played a minor role in the campaign due to new laws requiring campaign committees approve all literature and campaign spending limits. Rose died on December 28, 1976, and Davidson's wife collapsed on the same day, causing him to retire as executive director.[59]
A collective leadership of Davidson, Harrington, Ray Harding, Ed Morrison, Nicholas Gyory, and Herbert Rose was formed after Rose's death. Harding became the dominant member and was being referred to as the party's leader by 1980.[60] The party initially planned on endorsing RepublicanRoy M. Goodman in the1977 New York City mayoral election, but GovernorHugh Carey organized a meeting where he agreed to veto a bill moving primaries from September to June and convincedMario Cuomo to run. A special mayoral search committee voted in favor of Cuomo over Goodman andEd Koch and the state committee designated Cuomo as the party's candidate. Cuomo lost the Democratic primary to Koch, but continued his campaign as a Liberal. Cuomo lost to Koch, but the Liberals retained their one city council seat.[61] The party hoped to rise to Row C after the1978 gubernatorial election due to vote splitting between the Conservative andRight to Life parties, but the Liberals instead fell to Row E.[62]
The Liberals broke with the Democrats at the presidential level for the first time in the1980 election. The party gave its ballot line toJohn B. Anderson instead of Carter. Javits also ran as a Liberal in thesenatorial election after losing the Republican nomination toAl D'Amato. Anderson and Javits both lost, but their vote totals were greater than the Republican margin of victory. The party was accused of selling its endorsement toDaniel Patrick Moynihan for $100,000 in the1982 U.S. Senate election.[63]
Rudy Giuliani received the party's nomination in the1989 and1993 New York City mayoral elections. TheNew York Times criticized their endorsement as "little more than a political tool" and the "work of one wily politician", Harding. Giuliani won the 1993 election due to the votes he received on the Liberal ballot line. A Liberal was made deputy mayor in Giuliani's administration and 23 Liberals received appointments. Two of Harding's sons also received positions.[64] The Liberal vote fell to 71,017, a small number over the 50,000 needed to retain ballot access, despite supporting Cuomo's successful campaign in the1990 gubernatorial election. The party ran an independent campaign withBetsy McCaughey for governor in the1998 election, but only received 77,915 votes.[65] The party's position as the left-of-center and pro-labor party was being taken by theWorking Families Party. The WFP received more votes than the Liberals in the2000 presidential andU.S. Senate elections.[66]
H. Carl McCall, the Democratic nominee in the2002 gubernatorial election, announced that he would not accept the party's nomination. McCall stated that Harding and the Liberals were "an embarrassment to New York's political life". The Liberals gave their nomination toAndrew Cuomo, who dropped out and endorsed McCall. Cuomo remained on the ballot, but did not campaign. The Liberals lost their ballot access after receiving 15,761 votes.David Dinkins, who lost to Giuliani, said that he was "glad they are out of business". The party closed its office in 2003 and the Policy Committee dissolved.[67] The Liberal Party also suffered allegations of corruption and of abandoning its liberal roots in favor of a system ofpatronage andnepotism – Harding relatives were given appointments in the Giuliani administration, and it was argued that it was aquid pro quo deal, since Giuliani is not generally considered a "liberal" by New York City standards. In 1999,The New York Observer called it an "ideologically bereft institution more interested in patronage than in policy."[68] In 2009, Raymond Harding pleaded guilty to having accepted more than $800,000 in exchange for doing political favors forAlan G. Hevesi, a New York politician who was a frequent Liberal Party endorsee.[69]
In 2005, theNew York Daily News reported that incumbent New York City MayorMichael Bloomberg, then a liberal Republican who favorsabortion rights andsame-sex marriage, was seeking to revive the Liberal Party – and thereby run on a "Republican/Liberal" ticket – in an effort to win over Democratic voters in the overwhelmingly Democratic city.[70] Bloomberg was re-elected in 2005, but nothing came of these rumors of his campaign being used as a basis for a Liberal Party revival. In 2006, for the first time since the early 1940s, there was no Liberal candidate for Governor. Edward Culvert was the party's candidate for governor in 2010, but the party lacked the resources to muster the necessary petition with 15,000 valid signatures of registered voters to get him onto the ballot. The Liberal Party's current chairman is Jack Olchin. Its executive director is Martin Hassner. Prior to former New York City Parks Commissioner Henry Stern taking over as chairman in 2004, the Liberal Party's longtime leader was Raymond Harding (born Branko Hochwald; January 31, 1935 – August 9, 2012). The Liberal Party cross-endorsed Republican candidateBob Turner in theNew York's 9th congressional district special election, 2011, marking one of the rare times the Liberal Party and theConservative Party have agreed on a candidate other than an unopposed one.[71]
Raymond Harding died August 9, 2012, in the Bronx of cancer, aged 77, depriving the Liberal Party of its best-known long-term figure.[72] While the Liberal Party still has a website, the last election in which it endorsed candidates, all on other party lines, was the New York City Council races in 2017[73] until 2025, when it endorsed Independent candidateAndrew Cuomo in the2025 New York City mayoral election.[74]
The party supported Truman'sFair Deal. During the 1949 election, they supported repealing theTaft–Hartley Act, allowing the Communist Party to legally exist, expanding Social Security, and the creation of a national healthcare system.[75] It supported a referendum on thestatus ofPuerto Rico.[76] The party opposed theMundt–Nixon Bill andMcCarran Internal Security Act, although Berle supported an amended version of the Mundt–Nixon Bill. Berle opposed banning the Communist Party.[77] Palestin called for an investigation into the Communist Party's involving in the deaths or disappearance ofJuliet Stuart Poyntz,Carlo Tresca, andLeon Trotsky. Palestin supported seating a Communist replacement on the city council following the death ofPeter Cacchione, but Goldberg opposed it.[78]
At the 1966 state constitutional convention Harrington argued for maintaining the state'sBlaine Amendment. However, the convention voted 130 to 48 to eliminate it. He also unsuccessfully argued to ban the usage of state funds to construct nonpublic schools.[79] Harrington opposed the United States entering theVietnam War, but Rose wanted to avoid having the party taking a stance on the issue. Multiple county affiliates in upstate New York passed a resolution calling for bombing to end, negotiations with North Vietnam, and aid to rebuild Vietnam. On June 29, 1968, the state committee passed a resolution demanding an immediate ceasefire during negotiations.[80]
| Election | Ticket | Electoral results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gubernatorial candidate | Votes[a] | Ranking | Result | |
| 1946 | James M. Mead[b] | 3.57 / 100.00 | 4 | Lost |
| 1950 | Walter A. Lynch[b] | 5.00 / 100.00 | 3 | Lost |
| 1954 | W. Averell Harriman[b] | 5.11 / 100.00 | 3 | Won |
| 1958 | W. Averell Harriman[b] | 4.28 / 100.00 | 3 | Lost |
| 1962 | Robert Morgenthau[b] | 4.18 / 100.00 | 3 | Lost |
| 1966 | Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. | 8.41 / 100.00 | 4 | Lost |
| 1970 | Arthur Goldberg[b] | 4.38 / 100.00 | 4 | Lost |
| 1974 | Hugh Carey[b] | 4.17 / 100.00 | 4 | Won |
| 1978 | Hugh Carey[b] | 2.59 / 100.00 | 5 | Won |
| 1982 | Mario Cuomo[b] | 2.20 / 100.00 | 4 | Won |
| 1986 | Mario Cuomo[b] | 2.80 / 100.00 | 5 | Won |
| 1990 | Mario Cuomo[b] | 1.75 / 100.00 | 5 | Won |
| 1994 | Mario Cuomo[b] | 1.77 / 100.00 | 5 | Lost |
| 1998 | Betsy McCaughey | 1.65 / 100.00 | 5 | Lost |
| 2002 | Andrew Cuomo[c] | 0.34 / 100.00 | 9 | Lost |
| Year | Members/Registered voters | % | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 14,702 |  [76] |
New York political parties | ||
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| Automatic ballot access |  | |
| No ballot access | ||
| Inactive | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
