The Lethe flowed around the cave ofHypnos and through the Underworld where all those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness. The river was often associated withLethe, the personification of forgetfulness and oblivion, who was the daughter ofEris (Strife).
Lethe, the river of forgetfulness, was one of the five rivers of theGreek underworld; the other four areAcheron (the river of sorrow),Cocytus (the river of lamentation),Phlegethon (the river of fire) andStyx (the river that separates Earth and the Underworld). In myth, theshades of the dead were only able to be reincarnated after they drank from the Lethe which would wash away all their memories.[3]
The river Lethe was said to be located next toHades's palace in the underworld under a cypress tree.Orpheus would give someshades a password to tell Hades's servants which would allow them to drink instead from theMnemosyne (the pool of memory), which was located under a poplar tree.[4] According toStatius, Lethe borderedElysium, the final resting place of the virtuous.[5]Ovid wrote that the river flowed through the cave of Hypnos, god of sleep, where its murmuring would induce drowsiness.[6]
Some ancient Greeks believed that souls were made to drink from the river before being reincarnated, so that they would not remember their past lives. TheMyth of Er in Book X ofPlato'sRepublic tells of the dead arriving at a barren waste called the "plain of Lethe", through which the riverAmeles ("careless") runs. It states that those who drank from the river would drink until they forgot everything unless they had been "saved by wisdom."[7]
A fewmystery religions taught the existence of another river, theMnemosyne; those who drank from the Mnemosyne would remember everything and attainomniscience. Initiates were taught that they would receive a choice of rivers to drink from after death, and to drink from Mnemosyne instead of Lethe.
These two rivers are attested in several verse inscriptions on gold plates dating to the 4th century BC and onward, found atThurii in SouthernItaly and elsewhere throughout the Greek world. There were rivers of Lethe and Mnemosyne at the oracular shrine ofTrophonius inBoeotia, from which worshippers would drink before making oracular consultations with the god.[8] AnOrphic inscription, said to be dated from between the second and third century B.C., warns readers to avoid the Lethe and to seek theMnemosyne instead. Drinkers of the Lethe's water would not be quenched of their thirst, often causing them to drink more than necessary.[9]
More recently,Martin Heidegger used "lēthē" to symbolize not only the "concealment of Being" or "forgetting of Being", but also the "concealment of concealment", which he saw as a major problem of modern philosophy. Examples are found in his books onNietzsche (Vol 1, p. 194) and onParmenides. Philosophers since, such asWilliam J. Richardson have expanded on this school of thought.[10]
According to Strabo, theLima river, located between modern-dayNorte Region, Portugal, andGalicia, Spain was also known as the River of Lethe in antiquity. The river got this name after an expedition made by a group ofCelts and theTurduli during which they got into a disagreement and the Celts lost their chieftain (leader) causing them to scatter and settle in place.[11] The river was also said to have the same properties of memory loss as the legendary Lethe River. In 138 BCE, the Roman generalDecimus Junius Brutus Callaicus sought to dispose of the myth, as it impeded his military campaigns in the area.[12] He was said to have personally crossed the Lima, and then called his soldiers from the other side, one by one, by name. The soldiers, astonished that their general remembered their names, crossed the river as well without fear. This act proved that the Lima was not as dangerous as the local myths described.[13]
InCádiz, Spain, the riverGuadalete was originally named "Lethe" by local Greek and Phoenician colonists who, about to go to war, solved instead their differences by diplomacy and named the river Lethe to forever forget their former differences. When the Arabs conquered the region much later, their name for the river became Guadalete from the Arabic phraseوادي لكة (Wadi lakath) meaning "River of Forgetfulness".[citation needed]
The Lethe has consistently appeared throughout media since ancient Greece through mediums such as music, art, and literature. Most known classical depictions of the Lethe come from literary sources from authors such as Virgil, Ovid, and Plato.
Plato'sRepublic speaks to how those who drank from the Lethe forgot all their memories.[16]
In 29 BCE,Virgil wrote about Lethe in his didactic hexameter poem, theGeorgics. Lethe is also referenced in Virgil's epic Latin poem,Aeneid, when the title protagonist travels to Lethe to meet the ghost of his father in Book VI of the poem.
The souls that throng the flood Are those to whom, by fate, are other bodies ow'd: In Lethe's lake they long oblivion taste, Of future life secure, forgetful of the past.[17]
Apulian Red-Figure Loutrophoros, c. 330 BCE
Ovid includes a description of Lethe as a stream that puts people to sleep in his workMetamorphoses (8 AD)
In thePurgatorio, the secondcantica ofDante Alighieri'sDivine Comedy, the Lethe is located in theEarthly Paradise atop the Mountain of Purgatory. The piece, written in the early 14th century, tells of Dante's immersion in the Lethe so that his memories are wiped of sin (Purg. XXXI). The Lethe is also mentioned in theInferno, the first part of theComedy, as flowing down to Hell from Purgatory to be frozen in the ice around Satan, "the last lost vestiges of the sins of the saved"[18] (Inf. XXXIV.130). He then proceeds to sip from the waters of the riverEunoe so that the soul may enter heaven full of the strength of his or her life's good deeds.
William Shakespeare references Lethe's identity as the "river of forgetfulness" in a speech of the Ghost in Act 1 Scene 5 ofHamlet: "and duller should thoust be than the fat weed / That roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf," written sometime between 1599 and 1601.
InJohn Milton'sParadise Lost, written in 1667, his first speech in Satan describes how "The associates and copartners of our loss, Lie thus astonished onthe oblivious pool", referencing Lethe.[19]
InFaust, Part Two, the titular character, Faust, is bathed "in the dew of Lethe" so that he would forget what happened inFaust, Part One. A remorseful Faust would not work well with the rest of Part 2. The forgetting powers of Lethe allowed him to forget the ending of the Gretchen drama and move on to the story of part 2.
The French poetCharles Baudelaire referred to the river in his poem "Spleen", published posthumously in 1869. The final line is "Où coule au lieu de sang l'eau verte du Léthé" which one translator renders as "... in whose veins flows the green water of Lethe ..." (the reference offers a few more English translations).[20] Baudelaire also wrote a poem called "Lethe".
A vase painting done around 330 BCE shows Hypnos, the personification of sleep, holding his staff that in myth is said to be dipped in the Lethe's waters.[22]
John Roddam Spencer Stanhope depicts a procession of individuals going to the Lethe in his 1880 paintingThe Waters of the Lethe by the Plains of Elysium.
^"AltoMinho".AltoMinho (in Portuguese). Retrieved2025-05-21.
^Orth, Donald (1967).Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 573. Retrieved 14 May 2025.1917 by R. F. Griggs, National Geographic Society; inspired by Lethe, the river of forgetfulness in the Hades of Greek mythology.
^Baudelaire, Charles. "Spleen."Charles Baudelaire'sFleurs De Mal / Flowers of Evil, Fleurs de Mal. 1869.https://fleursdumal.org/poem/160 Accessed June 6th, 2021.
^Roddam Spencer Stanhope, John. "The Waters of the Lethe by the Plains of Elysium."WikiArt, 1880,URL.
