Leonid Iovich Gaidai[a][b] (30 January 1923 – 19 November 1993) was a Soviet and Russian comedy film director, screenwriter and actor who enjoyed immense popularity and broad public recognition in the former Soviet Union. His films broke theatre attendance records and were some of the top-selling DVDs in Russia. He has been described as "the king of Soviet comedy".[1]
Gaidai was born on 30 January 1923 inSvobodny, Amur Oblast,[2] where he is commemorated by a statue. His father Iov Isidorovich Gaidai came from a Ukrainian family ofserfs of thePoltava Governorate. At the age of 22 he was sentenced to several years ofkatorga for revolutionary activity and sent to theFar East to work at the railway.[2] Leonid's mother Maria Ivanovna Lubimova was born in theRyazan Oblast to Russian parents. She met her love through her brother Egor, also a katorga worker who sent her a photo of his friend along with a marriage proposal. After Gaidai's term expired, they settled down in the Amur Oblast where Gaidai continued working at the railway building site.[3][4]
Gaidai in 1941
Leonid was the third child in the family. His elder brother Aleksandr (1919–1994) was a well-known poet and a war correspondent. Leonid took part inamateur dramatics from a young age. He graduated from school on 20 June 1941. Just two days after, theGreat Patriotic War started.[citation needed]
In February 1942, he was enrolled in theRed Army.[2] He first served in Mongolia, then finishedsergeant courses, becoming asquad leader. He worked in themilitary intelligence. On 20 December 1942, Gaidai was awarded theMedal "For Battle Merit" for killing three Nazi soldiers and taking hostages during the battle for Yenkino village.[5] On 20 March 1943, he was heavily injured after stepping on aland mine. He spent nine months in military hospitals. In January 1944, he was sent home as war-disabled.[2][6][7] In 1945, he joined theCommunist Party.[2]
Gaidai studied at the Irkutsk District Drama Theatre's studio school, and after graduating in 1947 acted in theatre productions.[2] He subsequently attended theMoscow Institute of Cinematography,Grigori Aleksandrov workshop, completing his studies in 1955.[2][8] He married the actressNina Grebeshkova, who played minor roles in his future films.[2] He initially worked as an assistant to directorBoris Barnet on the 1955 filmLyana, before directing the first of his own films in 1956 (the historical dramaA Weary Road).[2] His 1958 comedyThe Dead Affair was described by Minister of CultureNikolai Mikhailov as "a lampooning of Soviet Reality" and was cut to 47 minutes by censors as a result, and released asA Groom from the Other World.[2][1][9] He subsequently avoided overtly political themes.[9]
His first success came six years after graduation, with a segment of theshort film collectionAbsolutely Seriously (1961), which instantly became highly popular.[2] In this film, Gaidai first introduced a comic trio of crooks,Coward, Fool, and Pro –Georgy Vitsin,Yuri Nikulin, andYevgeny Morgunov (aka 'ViNiMor'), who later appeared in several of his other films.[2] After his characters and directing style won the public's love, his name gained massive selling power in USSR's cinemas.[10]
Between 1961 and 1975, Gaidai directed a number of top-selling films, each one a huge financial success and becoming wildly popular in the Soviet Union. During these years, he filmed new adventures of the mischievous trio inMoonshiners (1961), a film adaptation ofO. Henry's short stories,Strictly Business (1962),Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures (1965), andKidnapping, Caucasian Style (1966).[1] Following his break with Morgunov, Gaidai disbanded the trio, while casting Nikulin in what was to become the most popular Soviet comedy ever made,The Diamond Arm (1968).[2]
2023 postal cover of Russia dedicated toIvan Vasilievich: Back to the Future. Its left image shows, left to right: Yakovlev, Gaidai, and Kuravlyov. The right image shows Gaidai.The comic trio of Pro, Coward, and Fool in Gaidai's comedyKidnapping, Caucasian Style (1966)
Gaidai's top-grossing filmThe Diamond Arm sold 76.7 million tickets in the Soviet Union alone, becoming the third highest-grossing Soviet film.[1][11] At $8 per ticket (regular fare in an American movie theatre in 2005), it would have generated revenue comparable to the US box office championTitanic. In a 1995 survey byRTR, it was voted the best comedy ever made.[1] It was followed closely by Gaidai's other comedy films —Kidnapping, Caucasian Style (fourth place with 76.5 million viewers),Operation Y and Other Shurik's Adventures (seventh place with 69.6 million viewers) andIvan Vasilievich: Back to the Future (17th place with 60.7 million viewers).[1][11]
After 1975, Gaidai went into a period of significant decline;[1] his only other notable work was a joint Soviet-Finnish filmBorrowing Matchsticks (За спичками,Tulitikkuja lainaamassa), completed in 1980. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he directed only one more film, capitalizing on the earlyperestroika business activities and starringDmitry Kharatyan. Gaidai has a cameo in the final one,There's Good Weather in Deribasovskaya, where he plays an old gambler who tries to beat the one-armed bandit. In real life, Gaidai was addicted to gambling. These proved the most popular of his works filmed after 1975 but lacked the success of his earlier work. Gaidai was made aPeople's Artist of the RSFSR in 1974,People's Artist of the USSR in 1989, and died in Moscow on 19 November 1993.[2] He was buried at theKuntsevo Cemetery.[12]
Gaidai's comedies have a very visual style of comedy, utilizingslapstick and physical humor, with dialogue that has been described as "pithy, aphoristic, or nonsensical".[1][14] He was a master of fast-paced comedy, his style and rhythm somewhat similar to Stanley Kramer'sIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. While his films on the surface portray socialist ideals, there are subversive elements and satire.[1] He continued to suffer interference from censors, and said of his films "We will use the means of satire to fight the flaws which still sometimes hinder the lives of Soviet people".[1]
Gaidai remains most famous for the outstanding string of comedies he directed between 1961 and 1975, when nine of the ten films he made became Russian classics, selling between 20 and 76 million film tickets each, and becoming box office champions for several years in a row. He is less known outside of the former Soviet Union, due to the specific nature of his comedies, intrinsically tied to Soviet culture and lifestyle – unlike the motives of the characters of Kramer's "Mad World" being easily understood by the Russian public, living in the highly materialistic world of late Soviet Union. Gaidai's international recognition included a nomination for best short film at the1961 Cannes Film Festival forDog Barbos and Unusual Cross.[1][15] and the Grand Prix Wawel Silver Dragon at theKraków Film Festival (Poland) in 1965 for the segment "Déjà vu" in the filmOperation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures.
^abcdefghijkProkhorova, Elena, "The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy", in Beumers, Birgit (2008)A History of Russian Cinema, Berg Publishers,ISBN978-1845202156, pp. 519–542
^Новицкий Е. И. Леонид Гайдай / Евгений Новицкий. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2017. — 413[3] с.: ил. — (Жизнь замечательных людей: сер. биогр.; вып. 1682). ISBN 978-5-235-04043-4.In Russian
^Prokhorov, Aleksandr (2003) "Cinema of Attractions versus Narrative Cinema: Leonid Gaidai’s Comedies and El'dar Riazanov’s Satires of the 1960s",Slavic Review, Vol. 62, Issue 3, Fall 2003, pp. 455–472
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