Leon Garfield | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1921-07-14)14 July 1921 |
| Died | 2 June 1996(1996-06-02) (aged 74) Islington, London, England |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | British |
| Period | 1964–1996 |
| Genre | Children'shistorical novels, literary adaptation of classical myth and legend |
| Notable works | The God Beneath the Sea |
| Notable awards | Guardian Prize 1967 Carnegie Medal 1970 |
Leon GarfieldFRSL (14 July 1921 – 2 June 1996) was aBritish writer of fiction. He is best known for children'shistorical novels, though he also wrote for adults. He wrote more than thirty books and scriptedShakespeare: The Animated Tales for television.
Garfield attended Brighton Grammar School (1932–1938) and went on to study art atRegent Street Polytechnic, but his studies were interrupted first by lack of funds for fees, then by the outbreak ofWorld War II.[1] He married Lena Leah Davies in April, 1941, at Golders Green Synagogue but they separated after only a few months.[1] For his service in the war he joined theRoyal Army Medical Corps. While posted in Belgium he metVivien Alcock, then an ambulance driver, who became his second wife (in 1948) and a well-known children's author. She also greatly influenced Garfield's writing, giving him suggestions, including the original idea forSmith.[2]
After the war Garfield worked as a biochemical laboratory technician at theWhittington Hospital inIslington, writing in his spare time until the 1960s, when he was successful enough to write full-time.[3]
In 1964 the Garfields adopted a baby girl whom they called Jane afterJane Austen, a favourite writer of both parents.[1]
Garfield wrote his first book, thepirate novelJack Holborn, for adult readers, but an editor atConstable & Co. saw its potential as a children's novel and persuaded Garfield to adapt it for younger readers.[3] In that form it was published by Constable in 1964. His second book,Devil-in-the-Fog (1966), won the first annual Guardian Prize[4] and was serialised for television, as were several of his later works (below).Devil was the first of severalhistoricaladventure novels, typically set late in the eighteenth century and featuring a character of humble origins (in this case a boy from a family of travelling actors) pushed into the midst of a threatening intrigue. Another isSmith (1967), in which the eponymous hero, a young pickpocket, is accepted into a wealthy household; it won the Phoenix Award in 1987.[5] Yet another isBlack Jack (1968), in which a young apprentice is forced by accident and his conscience to accompany a murderous criminal.
In 1970 Garfield's work started to move in new directions withThe God Beneath the Sea, a re-telling of numerous Greek myths in one narrative, co-authored withEdward Blishen and illustrated byCharles Keeping. It won the annual Carnegie Medal for the best British children's book.[6] Garfield, Blishen, and Keeping collaborated again on a sequel,The Golden Shadow (1973).The Drummer Boy (1970) was another adventure story, but concerned more with a central moral problem, and apparently aimed at somewhat older readers, a trend continued inThe Prisoners of September (1975), republished in 1989 by Lions Tracks under the titleRevolution!,The Pleasure Garden (1976) andThe Confidence Man (1978).The Strange Affair of Adelaide Harris (1972) is a black comedy in which two boys decide to test the plausibility of the tale ofRomulus and Remus, using the baby sister of one of the boys. Most notable at the time was a series of linked long short stories about apprentices, published separately between 1976 and 1978, and then as a collection,The Apprentices. The more adult-themed books of the mid-1970s met with a mixed reception and Garfield returned to the model of his earlier books withJohn Diamond, which won aWhitbread Award in 1980, andThe December Rose (1986). In 1980 he also wrote an ending forThe Mystery of Edwin Drood, unfinished at the death in 1870 ofDickens, an author who had a major influence on Garfield's own style.
Garfield was elected a fellow of theRoyal Society of Literature in 1985. On 2 June 1996 he died of cancer at the Whittington Hospital, where he had once worked.[1]
Garfield's novels for children all have historical settings. The early novels are mostly set in the late eighteenth century, but fromJohn Diamond on they tend to be set in the nineteenth century.[7] They are not novels about major historical events, which are rarely depicted, or social conditions, which provide only starting points for the personal stories of the characters.[8] In the few novels in which Garfield handles actual events he writes of them from the limited and subjective viewpoints of his characters.[9]
The novels owe much toCharles Dickens[1][10] and toRobert Louis Stevenson.[11] The latter'sTreasure Island clearly provided a model forJack Holborn, with its shifting alliances of manipulative characters in pursuit of a treasure. Garfield also acknowledged the brothers in Stevenson'sThe Master of Ballantrae as inspiration for the book.[12] Beyond these specific debts, Garfield shares Stevenson's fondness for binding a relatively conservative hero to a more forceful personality outside the bounds of conventional morality.[a] Another recurring plot line, most evident inSmith andThe December Rose, in which an outcast is integrated into a supporting household, owes more to Dickens.[13] Garfield also shares with Dickens a preference for urban settings, generally in London.
Garfield's father broke off contact with him when he divorced his Jewish wife.[1][2] Roni Natov argues that this may have had an influence on Garfield's work, giving particular significance to fathers and father figures.[14]
Many of Garfield's books have been adapted for film or television:Devil-in-the-Fog was televised in 1968;[15]Smith in 1970;[16]The Strange Affair of Adelaide Harris was made into a 6-partBBC serial in 1979;[17]Black Jack was made into a feature film byKen Loach in the same year;John Diamond was made into a BBC television series in 1981;Jack Holborn was made into the German Christmasmini-seriesJack Holborn byZDF in 1982;The Ghost Downstairs was televised in 1982;[18] the following year, "The Restless Ghost" was included in theDramarama:Spooky series;[19] "Mr Corbett's Ghost" was made into a television film withPaul Scofield andJohn Huston in 1987.[1] In addition Garfield himself wrote the script for the 1986 television serial,The December Rose, afterwards adapting it as a novel,[20][21] and forShakespeare: The Animated Tales (1992 and 1994), a well regarded Russian animation of Shakespeare, commissioned by the Welsh Channel Four,S4C; for this he was awarded the 1995Sam Wanamaker Award.
Devil-in-the-Fog (1966) won the inauguralGuardian Children's Fiction Prize in 1967. The newspaper-sponsored Prize is judged by a panel of children's writers and it annually recognises one new British children's novel by an author who has not won it.[4]
The God Beneath the Sea (1970) won the annualCarnegie Medal from theLibrary Association, recognising the year's best children's book by aBritish subject that has not previously won the prize.[6][b] From 1967 to 1970 Garfield was also a Commended runner up for the Carnegie Medal three times, forSmith,Black Jack, andDrummer Boy, the latter in competition with his Medal-winning work.[22][c]
John Diamond (1980) won theannual Whitbread Literary Award, Children's Novel, a year's best award that considers enjoyable reading for a wide audience, as well as literary merit.[23]
Smith won the 1987Phoenix Award (from themythical phoenix, which is reborn from its ashes[5]) from theChildren's Literature Association as the best English-language children's book that did not win a major award when originally published.
InThe Guardian,Francis Spufford namedThe God Beneath the Sea one of the greatest children's books, calling it "visceral, overpowering, defiantly undomesticated", adding, "Read this as a child, and ever after you understand why Prometheus and Pandora are down there at the roots of the West's imagination."[24]
In the May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture,Philip Pullman praised Garfield as "someone who put the best of his imagination into everything he wrote", particularly praisingThe Pleasure Garden.[25]
‡The God Beneath the Sea (1970) andThe Golden Shadow (1973) were written by Garfield andEdward Blishen, illustrated byCharles Keeping, and published by Longman.
