Leiomyoma
Other names	leiomyomas, leiomyomata
Uterine lipoleiomyoma, a type ofleiomyoma.H&E stain.
Specialty	Oncology

Aleiomyoma, also known as afibroid, is a benignsmooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomescancer (0.1%). They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in theuterus,small bowel, and theesophagus.Polycythemia may occur due to increasederythropoietin production as part of aparaneoplastic syndrome.

The word is fromleio- +myo- +-oma, 'smooth-muscle tumor'. The plural form can be either the Englishleiomyomas or the classicalleiomyomata.

Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of theuterine smooth muscle. As other leiomyomata, they arebenign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often causeanemia and may lead toinfertility.

A rare form of these tumors is uterinelipoleiomyoma—benign tumors consisting of a mixture ofadipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Uterine lipoleiomyomata have been observed together with ovarian and other pathologies and some of them may develop intoliposarcoma.^[2][3] These tumors are monoclonal, and non-random chromosomal abnormalities have been seen in 40% of the tumors.

Mesenchymal neoplasms of the gallbladder are rare and in particular leiomyomas of the gallbladder have been rarely reported, all of them in patients with immune system disorders. However, a case was reported in absence of associated immunodeficiency at Monash Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, in a healthy 39-year-old woman with no symptoms.^[4]

Leiomyomas of the skin are generally (1) acquired, and (2) divided into several categories:^[5][6]

• Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma
• Multiple cutaneous (or pilar) leiomyomas arising from the arrectores pilorum muscles
• Angioleiomyomas (vascular leiomyomas) that are thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle
• Dartoic (or genital) leiomyomas originating in the dartos muscles of the genitalia, areola, and nipple
• Angiolipoleiomyoma

Leiomyoma is the most common benign mesenchymal tumor ofesophagus and second most common benign tumor of the small bowel (with gastrointestinal stromal tumor as most common).^[7] Although leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor, malignant carcinoma is still 50 times more likely.^[8] Approximately 50% of cases are found in thejejunum, followed by theileum in 31% of cases. Almost one half of all lesions are less than 5 centimeters.^[9]

• Metastatic leiomyoma are an extremely rare complication aftersurgery to remove the uterus for uterine fibroids. The most frequent sites of occurrence are the lungs and pelvis. The lesions are hormonally responsive.^[10][11][12]
• Fibromyoma of the breast is an extremely rare benign breast neoplasm. Most reports in literature mention a history of hysterectomy for uterine fibroids, although the question of whether these fibromyomas are possibly metastases of the uterine fibroids has not been investigated. An alternative hypothesis is an origin from the smooth muscle of the nipple.
• Leiomyoma may spontaneously occur in any muscle. Depending on the location of the tumor, identification may not be timely until overall mass becomes undeniably noticeable. The symptoms for a 30-year-old male with a 10 cm leiomyoma included "dead leg" pains. Tumor was intertwined with quadriceps muscles, making identification and excision difficult. Tumor was successfully excised with only minor rehabilitation required.^[13]

• Associated with papillary variant ofrenal cell carcinoma and multiple cutaneous leiomyoma. Defect is in thefumarate hydratase gene in the long arm of chromosome 1.

• Leiomyosarcoma
• Elagolix/estradiol/norethindrone acetate

• Esophageal Leiomyoma ateMedicine

• Dermal and subcutaneous growths
• Anatomical pathology
• Benign neoplasms

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