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Legio V Macedonica

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Roman legion
Legio VMacedonica
Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperorHadrian, showing the LEGIO V MACEDONICA, stationed on the riverDanube atTroesmis (Romania), inMoesia Inferior province, from AD 107 to 161
Active43 BC to sometime in the 7th century
CountryRoman Republic,Roman Empire,East Roman Empire
TypeRoman legion (Marian)
later acomitatensis unit
RoleInfantry assault (some cavalry support)
SizeVaried over unit lifetime. 5,000–6,000 men duringPrincipate
Garrison/HQMacedonia (30 BC–6)
Oescus,Moesia (6–62)
Oescus (71–101)
Troesmis,Dacia (107–161)
Potaissa, Dacia Porolissensis (166–274)
Oescus (274–5th century)
NicknamespossiblyUrbana and/orGallica (before 31 BC)
Macedonica, "Macedonia" (since AD 6)
Pia Fidelis, "faithful and loyal", orPia Constans, "faithful and reliable" (since 185–7)
Pia III Fidelis III (underValerian)
Pia VII Fidelis VII (underGallienus)
MascotsBull andeagle
EngagementsBattle of Actium (31 BC)
Corbulo Parthian campaign (63)
First Jewish-Roman War (66–70)
Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106)
Verus Parthian campaign (161–166)
Muslim conquest of Egypt (639-646)
(unknown, evidence point towards the unit's presence during the conquest)
vexillationes of the 5th participated in many other campaigns.
Military unit
This coin was issued byRoman emperorGallienus to celebrate the VMacedonica, whose symbol, the eagle, is crowned of wrath byVictoria. The legend on the reverse says LEG V MAC VI P VI F, which means "Legio V Macedonica VI times faithful VI times loyal"
Sestertius minted in 247 byPhilip the Arab to celebrateDacia province and its legions, VMacedonica andXIIIGemina. Note the eagle and the lion, V's and XIII's symbols, in the reverse.

Legio V Macedonica (theFifth Macedonian Legion) was aRoman legion. It was established in 43 BC byconsulGaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus andGaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as theEmperorAugustus), and was based in theBalkan provinces ofMacedonia,Moesia andDacia. In theNotitia Dignitatum records from beginning of the fifth century, the legion was still stationed inDacia, with detachments stationed in the east andEgypt.

The last known evidence shows the legion, or detachments from it, stationed in Egypt in the seventh century one or two years before theIslamic conquest of Egypt. It is often assumed that the legion fought in this war and was destroyed, although it is uncertain whether detachments or the whole legion were in Egypt, and there is no further evidence of the legion's eventual fate. Regardless, the duration in which the legion is known to have been extant—from 43 BC to at leastc. AD 635—makes it one of the longest-serving Roman legions; possibly, the single most long-lived of all.

Its symbol was the bull, but the eagle was used as well.

History

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1st century BC: Creation and deployment in Macedonia

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The Legio V was one of the original twenty-eight legions raised by Octavian. There are two other fifth legions recorded: the VGallica and the VUrbana. It is possible that these both were early names for the VMacedonica. The legion probably participated in theBattle of Actium (31 BC). It later moved to Macedonia, where it stayed from 30 BC to AD 6,[citation needed] gaining itscognomen, before moving toOescus (Moesia).

1st century: First Jewish–Roman War

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It took part in the suppression of rebellion among the Thracians south of the Balkan Range during the establishment of the new province ofMoesia in AD 45.

In 62, somevexillationes of the Fifth fought underLucius Caesennius Paetus in theNero's Parthian War inArmenia. After the defeat of theBattle of Rhandeia, the whole VMacedonica, together withIIIGallica,VIFerrata, andXFretensis under the command ofGnaeus Domitius Corbulo, was sent to the east to fight in the conclusion of the war.

The Fifth was probably still in the East when theFirst Jewish–Roman War inIudaea Province began in 66.Nero gave the VMacedonica, the XFretensis and theXVApollinaris toTitus Flavius Vespasianus to counter the revolt. In 67, inGalilee, the city ofSepphoris surrendered peacefully to the Roman army, and later the VMacedonica conqueredMount Gerizim, the chief sanctuary of theSamaritans. In theYear of the Four Emperors, 68, the legion stayed inactive inEmmaus, where several tombstones of soldiers of the VMacedonica remain. After the proclamation of Vespasian as Emperor and the end of the war under his sonTitus, the VMacedonica left Iudaea and returned to Oescus in 71. It took part in the first phase ofDomitian's Dacian War in 85-86.[1]

In 96 emperorHadrian served the legion as an officer (tribunus militum).

2nd century: In Dacia and Near East

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In 101, the legion moved toDacia, to fight inEmperor Trajan's campaign against the kingDecebalus. After the war ended in 106, the legion was based inTroesmis (modern Iglita), near theDanube Delta. Acenturion of the legion,Calventius Viator, rose to prominence and was eventually promoted to commander of the emperor's horse guards, theequites singulares Augusti.

Based on a Roman inscription discovered nearBetar, Hadrian removed the VMacedonica fromDacia (present-day Romania) and sent it toProvincia Iudaea, or what is Judea, along withLegio XI Claudia,[2] in order to put down an insurrection that broke out in the 16th year of his reign as Roman Emperor, whileTineius (Tynius) Rufus was governor of the province,[3] and which later became known as the Jewish Revolt underBar Kokhba.

Roman Inscription found nearBattir mentioning the 5th and 11th Roman Legions

When EmperorLucius Verus started his campaign against the Parthians (161–166), the legion moved to the east, but was returned toDacia Porolissensis in 166 underMarcus Aurelius[4] with its basecamp inPotaissa to defend the Dacian provinces against theMarcomannic attacks and those of theIazyges and theQuadi.

At the beginning of the reign ofCommodus, the VMacedonica and theXIIIGemina once again defeated the Iazyges, under the laterusurpersPescennius Niger andClodius Albinus. The Fifth later supportedSeptimius Severus, in his fight for the purple.

In 185 or 187, the legion was awarded of the titlePia Constans ("Faithful and reliable") orPia Fidelis ("Faithful and loyal"), after defeating a mercenary army in Dacia.

Later centuries: Honors and evolution

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While remaining at Potaissa for most of the 3rd century, VMacedonica fought several times, earning honors.Valerian gave the Fifth the nameIII Pia III Fidelis; his son,Gallienus gave the legion the titleVII Pia VII Fidelis, with the 4th, 5th and 6th titles awarded probably when the legion was used as a mobile cavalry unit against usurpersIngenuus andRegalianus (260, Moesia). A vexillatio fought againstVictorinus (Gaul, 269–271).

The legion returned toOescus in 274, afterAurelian had retired from Dacia. It guarded the province in later centuries, becoming acomitatensis unit under theMagister Militum per Orientis. It probably became part of theByzantine army.

The cavalry unit created by Gallienus was definitively detached byDiocletian, and become part of hiscomitatus. This unit was sent toMesopotamia, where it successfully fought against theSassanid Empire in 296, and then toMemphis, where it remained until becoming part of the Byzantine army.

Legio V Macedonica is mentioned again in theNotitia Dignitatum, stationed inDacia Ripensis, with detachments in theOriental Field Army and in Egypt.[5]

Legio V Macedonica is again mentioned in bothAntaeopolis andHeliopolis in inscriptions, which seem to have been detachments of the units inMemphis. The last inscription provides the date of 635 or 636, indicating that at least part of the Legion was inEgypt until just before theconquest of Egypt by the Arabs began in 637. This would make Legio V Macedonica the longest-lived Roman legion known to history, spanning 680 years from 43 BC to AD 637; the entire history of the Roman Empire in theClassical Era.[6]

Gallery

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Attested members

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NameRankTime frameProvinceSoldier located inVeteran located inSource
Atilius Verus[7]centuriobefore 62Moesia??AE1912, 188 = ILB 52
M. Blossius Q. f. Aniensis Pudens[7]centurio67–70Moesia??CILVI, 3580 a, b = ILS 2641
Ti. Claudius T. f. Vitalis[7]centurio81–85Moesia??CILVI, 3584 = ILS 2656 = IPD 4 794 = IDRE I 3
M. Iulius V(o)ltinia[7]centuriobetween 85 and 95Moesia Inferior??CILIII, 7397
Resius Albanus[7]centurioreign of Tiberius?Moesia??AE1927, 51 = ILB 47
L. Lepidius L. f. An(iensi) Proculus[7]centurio67–70ItaliaAriminum?CILIII, 12411
Valerius Crispus[7]centuriobetween 71 and 101Moesia Inferior??E. Peeva, N. Sharankov,Archaeologia Bulgarica 10, 2006, 1, pp. 25–33, A-C
L. Valerius L. f. Proculus[7]centuriobetween 85 and 95Moesia Inferior??CILIII, 12411
Pollio[7]centurio67–71Moesia??CILIII, 14155
Stiminius[7]centurio67–71Moesia??CILIII, 14155
Lucius Artorius Castuscenturio, primipilusbefore 185Moesia Inferior?Pituntium (Dalmatia)CILIII, 1919;CILIII, 14224
Annius Vinicianus[7]legatus legionis63Armenia??Tacitus,Annales, XV.28
Sex. Vettulenus Cerialis[7]legatus legionis67-70Judea??Flavius Josephus, BJ III, 7, 32; VI, 4, 3
Quintus Pompeius Falcolegatus legionisc. 101-102??CILIII, 12117
Titus Calestrius Tiro Orbius Speratuslegatus legionisbetween 105 and 110Moesia Inferior??AE 1965, 320
Marcus Cominius Secundus[8]legatus legionisc. 141 - c. 144??
Marcus Sedatius Severianus[8]legatus legionisc. 144 – c. 147??AE1913, 55 = ILS 9487;AE1933, 249
Quintus Caecilius Redditus[8]legatus legionisc. 152??AE1957, 266
Aelius Optatus[8]legatus legionisc. 156 – c. 159??AE1960, 337
Publius Vigellius Saturninus[8]legatus legionisc. 159 – c. 162??CILIII, 775 =CILIII, 6183 = ILS 1116
Publius Martius Verus[8]legatus legionisc. 162–166Cappadocia??CILIII, 6169
Marcus Valerius Maximianus[9]legatus legionis180??AE1956, 124
Tiberius Claudius Claudianus[10]legatus legionisbetween 194 and 196??CILIII, 905,CILVIII, 5349
Domitius Antigonius[10]legatus legionisc. 222??AE1966, 262
P(ublius) Oppiu[s]?[11]optioc. 69-c.70Judea??Emmaus
L. Praecilius Clemens Iulianus[7]praefectus castrorum36–43Moesia??CILIII, 8753
C. Baebius Atticus[7]primipilusreign of ClaudiusMoesia??CILV, 1838; 1839 = ILS 1349
T. Pontinius[7]primipilusreign of Claudius?Moesia??CILXI, 4368
L. Praecilius Clemens Iulianus[7]primipilusbetween 36 and 43Moesia??CILIII, 8753
[A]prenas Clemens[7]tribunus angusticlavius?Moesia Inferior??CILXI, 4119 (Narnia, Regio VI)
L. Clodius P. f. Cla(udia) Ingenuus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Vespasian or DomitianMoesia??CILVI, 37274
C. Nonius C. f. Vel(ina) Flaccus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Vespasian?Moesia??AE1975, 353
C. Set[tidius] C. f. Pup(inia) Fir[mus][7]tribunus angusticlavius67-70Moesia??PME, S 45 (Pola, Regio X)
T. Rutilius Varus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of NeroMoesia??CILX, 1258
M. Valerius M. f. Gal. Propinquus Grattius Cerealis[7]tribunus angusticlavius84/85Moesia??CILII, 4251 = ILS 2711
L. Volcacius Primus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Claudius or NeroMoesia??CILIX, 5363 = ILS 2737
Marcus Opsius Navius Fannianus[12]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Tiberius???IG XIV.719 (IGR I.431); Tacitus,Annales IV.68, 71
Ignotus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of ClaudiusMoesia??CILX, 6442, PME, Inc 183
Ignotus[7]tribunus angusticlaviusreign of Claudius or NeroMoesia??CILXI, 4789, Spoletium, Regio VI, PME, Inc 204
C. Iulius Montanus[7]tribunus laticlaviusbefore 56Moesia??CILXI, 5884 = ILS 978; after Tacitus,Annales XIII, 25
Titus Junius Montanus[7]tribunus laticlaviusreign of NeroMoesia??AE1973, 500
Publius Aelius Hadrianustribunus laticlaviusc. 95Historia Augusta, "Hadrian", 3
Marcus Acilius Priscus Egrilius Plarianustribunus laticlaviusafter 95CILXIV, 155;CILXIV, 4442;CILXIV, 4444
Publius Cluvius Maximus Paullinustribunus laticlaviusbefore 127AE1940, 99
Gaius Javolenus Calvinustribunus laticlaviusbefore 138CILXIV, 2499 = ILS 1060
Gaius Julius Septimius Castinustribunus laticlaviuslate 2nd centuryCILIII, 10473
Q. Cornelius M. f. Gal(eria tribu) Valerianus[7]praefectus vexillationumreign of ClaudiusThracia??CILII, 3272; afterCILII, 2079 = ILS 2713
M. Clodius M. f. Fab(ia tribu) Ma[...][7]praefectus vexillationumprior 56/57ItaliaBrixia?CILV, 4326

See also

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Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toLegio V Macedonica.
  • livius.org accountArchived 2014-12-08 at theWayback Machine
  • E. Ritterling, "Legio",RE XII, col. 1572-5
  • Rumen Ivanov,"Lixa Legionis V Macedonicae aus Oescus",Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 80, 1990, p. 131-136
  • D. Barag, S. Qedar, "A Countermark of the Legio Quinta Scytica from the Jewish War",INJ 13 (1994–1999), pp. 66–69.
  • S. Gerson, "A New Countermark of the Fifth Legion",INR 1 (2006), pp. 97–100
  • Dr. Gerson, "A Coin Countermarked by Two Roman Legions",Israel Numismatic Journal 16, 2007–08, pp. 100–102
  • P. M. Séjourné, "Nouvelles de Jérusalem",RB 6, 1897, p. 131
  • E. Michon, "Inscription d'Amwas",RB 7, 1898, p. 269–271
  • J. H. Landau, "Two Inscribed Tombstones",Atiqot, vol. XI, Jerusalem, 1976

References

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  1. ^ILIAN BOYANOV, Oescus - from castra to colonia. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297565828_Oescus_-_from_castra_to_colonia [accessed Apr 03 2021]
  2. ^C. Clermont-Ganneau,Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-74, London 1899, pp. 463-470.
  3. ^Yigael Yadin,Bar-Kokhba, Random House New York 1971, p. 258.
  4. ^Kovács, Péter (2009). Marcus Aurelius' rain miracle and the Marcomannic wars. Brill. p 207
  5. ^Notitia DignitatumIn Partibus Occidentis
  6. ^Ross Cowan,The Longest Lived Legion, Ancient Warfare
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacMatei-Popescu, Florian (2010)."The Roman Army in Moesia Inferior".STRATEG Project - PNCDI II. Conphys Publishing House. p. 325. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2016.
  8. ^abcdefGéza Alföldy,Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 299
  9. ^Paul M. M. Leunissen,Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 339
  10. ^abLeunissen,Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 340
  11. ^22952 Grabstele des Publius Oppius ...cio
  12. ^Bernard Rémy,Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.) (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), p. 79
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