Alegendary saga orfornaldarsaga (literally, "story/history of the ancient era") is aNorse saga that, unlike theIcelanders' sagas, takes place before thesettlement of Iceland.[1] There are some exceptions, such asYngvars saga víðförla, which takes place in the 11th century. The sagas were probably all written in Iceland, from about the middle of the 13th century to about 1400, although it is possible that some may be of a later date,[2] such asHrólfs saga kraka.[3]
In terms of form,fornaldarsögur are similar to various other saga-genres, but tend towards fairly linear, episodic narratives. Like sagas in other genres, many quote verse, but in thefornaldarsögur that verse is almost invariably in the metre ofEddaic verse (unlike theskaldic verse found in most other saga genres).[4] The setting is primarilyScandinavia in the time prior to thesettlement of Iceland and the conversion of Scandinavia, but occasionally it moves temporarily to more distant and exotic locations or has its characters encounter Christian cultures (one example of both beingÖrvar-Odds saga). There are also very often mythological elements, such asdwarves,elves,giants andmagic. In centuries past, they were considered to be reliable historic sources by Scandinavian scholars,[1] but since the 19th century, they have been considered to contain very little historic material.[5][6] The present consensus is that, although some of the sagas contain a small core which is not fiction, or are based on historical characters, the primary function of the legendary sagas was entertainment, and the aim of the sagas has not been to present a historically accurate tale.[5] Recently, however, it has been emphasized that the sagas are useful sources for the culture of 13th and 14th century Iceland, "in terms of the light that they can shed on the culture in which they were composed"[6] i.e. Iceland in the later Middle Ages.[5] In the words of Margaret Clunies Ross,
The themes, characters and the whole world of thefornaldarsaga lend themselves to interpretation, not as realistic narratives, but rather as subjects dealing with deep and disturbing issues that cannot be approached from the perspective of the mundane world but must rather be enacted in a literary world in which often taboo subjects can be raised and aired, though not necessarily resolved. They may also be treated in a comic or parodic vein.[7]
Some of the sagas are based on distant historic characters, and this is evident in cases where there are corroborating sources, such asRagnars saga loðbrókar,Yngvars saga víðförla andVölsunga saga. In the case ofHervarar saga, it conveys names of historical places in presentUkraine during the period c. 150-450,[8] and the last part of the saga is used as a historic source for Swedish history.[9] Indeed, they often contain very old Germanic matter, such as theHervarar saga and theVölsunga saga which contains poetry aboutSigurd that did not find its way into thePoetic Edda and which would otherwise have been lost (see theGreat Lacuna). Other sagas deal with heroes such asRagnar Lodbrok,Hrólf Kraki andOrvar-Odd.[1] In these respects, then, thefornaldarsögur overlap in genre and occasionally content with theKings' sagas.
The Fornaldarsagas have great value for legend research, since they containmotifs and complexes of motifs from many types of legend of which there is otherwise no documentation in Scandinavia prior to the mid-19th century. They are also of great value for scholars studying medieval Scandinavian ballads, particularly the Faroesekvæði, which are often based on the same matters. Moreover, they are also very important for the study of Scandinavian and Germanic heroic legends together withSaxo Grammaticus'Gesta Danorum which was based on the same heroic poetry and traditions.[1]
Philologists have generally held the legendary sagas in less esteem, in terms of their literary value, than the Icelanders' sagas. The content is often less realistic, the characters more two-dimensional, and the sagas often borrow themes from each other, and from folk tales.[2][5] In these aspects of style and reception, thefornaldarsögur tend to overlap with theChivalric sagas, particularly those composed in medieval Iceland.
The legendary sagas have influenced later writers, for instance the SwedeEsaias Tegnér, who wroteFrithiof's saga, based on theFriðþjófs saga ins frœkna. One such saga was even forged in the early modern period:Hjalmars och Hramers saga.[10]
For a comprehensive list of the medievalfornaldarsögur, with information about manuscripts, bibliography, etc., seeStories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur.