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Legendary progenitor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legendary figure held as a common ancestor of a dynasty or ethnic group

Alegendary progenitor is alegendary ormythological figure held to be thecommon ancestor of a dynasty,[1] people, tribe or ethnic group.

Overview

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Masculinity,femininity and"ghenos" orlineage linked to legendary progenitors were fundamental concepts offamily identity in theEtruscan andAncient Greek eras. The Greeks demonstrated the principles of family functionality in the mythological lives ofZeus,Hera,Hestia andHermes. These included communal dining, and"charis" a form ofcharity that Vittoro Cigoli and Eugena Scabini described as being "deployed to oppose the core of violence inherent in the family relationship". Etrusco-Roman culture, developed from the Greek where each"gens" (family or house) had their own deified hero, prince or demi-god along with various household deities. The expansion of family trees to include heroic or legendary ancestors was used to boost social status and amass personal finances. Rome's patriarchal families, along with laterEuropean dynasties engaged in power struggles, such as that to be electedPope based on this change in family culture.[2]

Peoples from all over the world have supposed themselves descended from various different eponymic or mythical progenitors. TheItalians claimed ancestry fromItalus,Lydians fromLydus,Phoenicians associated withPhoenix,Sicilians legendary progenitor wasSiculus,Pelasgians reveredPelasgus,Dorians traced lineage toDorus,Aeolians were linked toAeolus andHellenes looked up toHellen. Legendary progenitors also gave their names to places,Memphis was alleged to have been built byMenes andNinevah byNinus.[3]

In later times,place names inBritain were given the names of legendarychieftains orAnglo-Saxon Kings.Isaac Taylor (1787–1865) suggested that "minute fragments of historic truth have been conserved". He noted however that the "greatest caution must be exercised as to the conclusions which we allow ourselves to draw. The traditions are generally vague and obscure and the personages whose names are associated with these sites have often only a mythical, or, to speak technically, aneponymic existence."[3]

Europe

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In Armenian mythology,Hayk the Great or The Great Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet, is the legendary patriarch and founder of theArmenian nation. His story is told in theHistory of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historianMoses of Chorene (AD 410 to 490).[4]

In variousGreek myths,Melampus is the legendary progenitor of a great, long line of seers. Along with his brotherBias, they became kings of territory in the Argeian and was acknowledged as a leader inHomer'sOdyssey. His grandson is recorded as the prophetTheoklymenos.[5]

Niccolò Machiavelli discussed how inAncient Rome,Aeneas theTrojan andRomulus were alternately said to have been the city's legendary founders. He considered how one's view of history could be influenced by the preference of one progenitor over another, saying, "if whoever examines the building of Rome takes Aeneas for its first progenitor [primo progenitore], it will be of those cities built by foreigners, while if he takes Romulus it will be of those built by men native to the place". Machiavelli does not take a preference and suggests Rome had "a free beginning, without depending on anyone".[6]

In hisGermania,Tacitus asserted that theGermani (not their original name according to Tacitus) celebrated 'an earth-born god, Tuisco, and his son Mannus, as the origin of their race, as their founders. To Mannus they assign three sons, from whose names, they say, the coast tribes are called Ingaevones; those of the interior, Herminones; all the rest, Istaevones.'[7][8] Varying manuscripts of the early medievalFrankish Table of Nations claim that thirteen Germanic tribes were descended from three brothers:Erminus,Inguo, andIstio.[9] The names of these three brothers are evidently derived from the tribal names mentioned by Tacitus in theGermania (where the brothers go unnamed):Erminus fromHerminones,Inguo fromIngaevones, andIstio fromIstaevones.[8] Mostvariations of the Table do not mention their father's name, but two manuscripts precede the Table by mentioningAnaleus orAllanius as "the first king of the Romans", two others name "Mulius" as the three brothers' father, while theHistoria Brittonum calls their father "Alanus".[10]

Míl Espáine is recorded inChristian writings to be the legendary progenitor of theGaels orGoidels ofIreland. He was suggested to have led theMilesians to be the final inhabitants of Ireland.[11]

The five ancestors ofMieszko I as well asChościsko, the father ofPiast the Wheelwright have all been suggested as legendary progenitors of thePiast dynasty inPoland.[1]

Middle East

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In theMiddle East,Abraham (originally Abram) is regarded as the patriarch of theArab people andJewish people in theBible and theQuran.[12] In theBook of Genesis, he is blessed with this honour byGod, saying "Your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations".[13]

Asia

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Tan'Gun is the legendary forebear of theKorean people.[14]

InIndianHinduism, theRishis regardedManu andSaptarshis as the legendary ancestor of theIndian people in the scriptures. This tradition was carried forward in theBrahamanas,Puranas,Matsya Purana,Vishnu Purana andAitareya Brahama.Brahma is also mentioned as the progenitor of Manu.

Nyatri Tsenpo was a legendary progenitor of the so-called "Yarlung dynasty" of kings in Tibet.[15] Tsenpo, or"gNya'-khri btsan-po" has been suggested to have descended from an Indian dynasty and hence linked withBuddha.[16] InTibet, the term is also connected with aspiritual progenitor.Tibetan Buddhists believe their ancestors to be famousteachers ortranslators. They consider that single spiritual progenitors can incarnate in various different people simultaneously in differentgeographical locations. These progenitors are given names based on their qualities and physical locations. Examples include "PrinceLion the teacher of Rgya" and "Karma,Light ofKnowledge andLove the Mkhyen-brtse at Dpal-spuns".[17]

InChinese mythology, thegoddessNüwa is a legendaryprogenitor of all human beings. She also creates amagic stone.[18] Her husbandFu Xi is suggested to be the progenitor ofdivination and the patron saint ofnumbers.[19]

InBali, a legendary forefather or"stamvader" was calledWau Rauh. He was amythicalBrahmin high priest ofMajapahit who established a fivecaste system.[20] He had five wives and five children and founded Brahamanicclans such as Kamenuh, Nauba,Gelgel, Kayusunia and Andapan.[21]

Prince Vijaya has been discussed as a legendary primogenitor of theSinhalese people ofSri Lanka. He is recorded in the Sri LankanPali chronicles as the firstking and described going on a mythical quest.Monarchs continued to reign in theKingdom of Kandy until being deposed by theBritish under the terms of theKandyan Convention.[22]

Americas

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Mythical progenitors are honoured insongs,dance and instrumental performance by theMbyá people inArgentina. Their songs invoke the names of variousdeities which are believed toreincarnate as souls in new children. Their multitude of legendary progenitors are considered to "dictate actions carried out by their children on earth".[23]

Patrick Wolfe has discussed the work of ScottishethnologistJohn Ferguson McLennan in his study The Worship of Animals and Plants (1869, 1870) regarding the role of legendary progenitors inTotemism, practised byNative Americans. He suggested that "patrilinealtotem stocks were endowed with fictional ancestral figures who were well suited to provide a basis from which subsequent and more sublime theologies might develop".[24]

Africa

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The "Ark of the world", in whichNommo, the mythical progenitor of humanity, is supposed to have come down from the sky

David Conrad discusses how ancientMali's ruling elite adopted composite characters ofIslamic forebears into legendary progenitors. Such a composite image is discussed as a character calledFosana, whose legends are told as "a collage of loosely connected incidents from theProphet's life and times". Fragments of the stories of Fosana have been connected with events in the lives ofBilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi andSuraqa bin Malik.[25]

Australia

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InArnhem Land inAustralia, theKunwinjku people considerWurugag and Waramurungundi to be their original ancestors and have depicted them in theirtribal art.[26]

Robert Alun Jones discussedBaldwin Spencer's study of theAlcheringa ancestors of theArunta tribe in Australia as having both a spirit"ulthana" and asyzygy spirit"arumburinga". The syzygy spirit reincarnating repetitively as a reflection of the spirit of a singlealcheringa ancestor.[27][28]

Primogenitors

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Increation myths, thefirst man and woman extend the concept to all of mankind.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abNora Berend (22 November 2007).Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c.900-1200. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–.ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  2. ^Vittorio Cigoli; Eugenia Scabini (1 April 2006).Family Identity: Ties, Symbols, And Transitions. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 14–.ISBN 978-0-8058-5231-8. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  3. ^abIsaac Taylor (30 January 2005).Words And Places Or Etymological Illustrations Of History, Ethnology And Geography. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 207–.ISBN 978-1-4179-7157-2. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  4. ^Gōsh, Mkhitʻar (2000).The Lawcode (Datastanagirk') of Mxit'ar Goš. Rodopi. p. 112.ISBN 9789042007901. Retrieved6 July 2016.
  5. ^George Grote, Esq. (1854).History of Greece; I. Legendary Greece, II. Grecian History to the Reign of Peisistratus At Athens. National Academies. pp. 122–. NAP:34576. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  6. ^Erica Benner (26 October 2009).Machiavelli's Ethics. Princeton University Press. pp. 419–.ISBN 978-0-691-14177-0. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  7. ^The Origin and Situation of the Germans (1876) by Tacitus, translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb.
  8. ^abGoffart 1983, p. 118.
  9. ^Goffart 1983, p. 114–115.
  10. ^Goffart 1983, p. 110–112.
  11. ^Richard A. McCabe (1 September 2005).Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland And the Poetics of Difference. Oxford University Press. pp. 220–.ISBN 978-0-19-928204-3. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  12. ^Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973).Muddle of the Middle East: 1799-1972. Abhinav Publications. pp. 188–.ISBN 978-0-391-00304-0. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  13. ^Genesis 17:5
  14. ^Sarah Foot; Chase F. Robinson (25 October 2012).The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400. Oxford University Press. pp. 126–.ISBN 978-0-19-923642-8. Retrieved1 December 2012.
  15. ^Patricia Cronin Marcello (2003).The Dalai Lama: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–.ISBN 978-0-313-32207-5. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  16. ^Bsod-nams-rgyal-mtshan (Sa-skya-pa Bla-ma Dam-pa) (1994).The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies: Tibetan Buddhist Historiography : an Annotated Translation of the XIVth Century Tibetan Chronicle : RGyal-rabs Gsal- Baʼi Me-long. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 138–.ISBN 978-3-447-03510-1. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  17. ^Stephan V. Beyer (1992).The Classical Tibetan Language. SUNY Press. pp. 378–.ISBN 978-0-7914-1099-8. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  18. ^Ming Dong Gu (2006).A Chinese Theory of Fiction: A Non-Western Narrative System. SUNY Press. pp. 194–.ISBN 978-0-7914-6815-9. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  19. ^Mark Edward Lewis (2006).The Flood Myths of Early China. SUNY Press. pp. 119–.ISBN 978-0-7914-6664-3. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  20. ^Sir Robert Blackwood (1 January 1970).Beautiful Bali. Hampden Hall.ISBN 9780909908003. Retrieved1 December 2012.
  21. ^James A. Boon (1977).The Anthropological Romance of Bali, 1597-1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics, and Religion. CUP Archive. pp. 142–.ISBN 978-0-521-21398-1. Retrieved1 December 2012.
  22. ^John Clifford Holt (23 March 2011).The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 19–.ISBN 978-0-8223-4982-2. Retrieved1 December 2012.
  23. ^Malena Kuss (2004).Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Encyclopedic History: Volume 1: Performing Beliefs: Indigenous Peoples of South America, Central America, and Mexico. University of Texas Press. pp. 175–.ISBN 978-0-292-70298-1. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  24. ^Patrick Wolfe (22 December 1998).Settler Colonialism. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 112–.ISBN 978-0-304-70340-1. Retrieved4 December 2012.
  25. ^David C. Conrad (1995).Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande. Indiana University Press. pp. 92–.ISBN 978-0-253-31409-3. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  26. ^David Adams Leeming; Margaret Adams Leeming (1994).Leeming:dict Creation Myths P. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–.ISBN 978-0-19-510275-8. Retrieved2 December 2012.
  27. ^Robert Alun Jones (2005).The Secret Of The Totem: Religion And Society From McLennan To Freud. Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-13438-5. Retrieved4 December 2012.
  28. ^Baldwin Spencer; F. J. Gillen (30 September 2010).Native Tribes of Central Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 387–.ISBN 978-1-108-02044-2. Retrieved4 December 2012.

Bibliography

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External links

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