Thelegal purge in Norway after World War II (Norwegian:Landssvikoppgjøret;lit. 'National treachery Settlement') took place between May 1945 and August 1948 against anyone who was found to havecollaborated with theGerman occupation of the country. Several thousand Norwegians and foreign citizens were tried and convicted for crimes committed in Scandinavia duringWorld War II. However, the scope, legal basis, and fairness of these trials has since been a matter of some debate. A total of 40 people—includingVidkun Quisling, the self-proclaimed and Nazi-supported Minister President of Norway during the occupation—were executed aftercapital punishment was reinstated in Norway. Thirty-seven of those executed were executed under Norwegian law, while the other three were executed under Allied military law.

TheGerman invasion ofNorway duringWorld War II created a number of constitutional issues, chiefly related to what was the legitimate Norwegian government, and whether the constitution and Norwegian code of law remained in effect during theoccupation. Although the occupying power, underReichskommissarJosef Terboven and thepuppet Norwegian regime underVidkun Quisling, claimed that the Norwegian government had abandoned its authority in the spring of 1940, the Norwegian government claimed that it had merely capitulated in the military struggle for the homeland, while the executive branch had been given special powers by theStorting (Norwegian parliament) through theElverum Authorization. The Norwegian government's claim was upheld both by parliament and the Norwegian Supreme Court after the war, which in turn led to an extensive set of indictments and convictions against Norwegian citizens for treason, and German citizens for war crimes.^[1]

As early as 1941 and 1942, theNorwegian government-in-exile put into effect a number of decrees regarding treasonous acts.Capital punishment was reinstated as an option, prison sentences with hard labor were approved, higher upper limits for financial penalties introduced, and a controversial, new measure known as "loss of public confidence" (Norwegian:tap av almenn tillit) adopted, which would effectively deprive those convicted of various civil privileges. These decrees reached a final, workable form on 15 December 1944, the so-calledLandssvikanordning. Crimes defined in these decrees notably included membership ofNasjonal Samling, the Norwegian fascist party that collaborated with the Nazis.^[2]

In autumn 1940 the Nazi-supporting Norwegian fascist party, Nasjonal Samling, was declared as the only legal political organization in Norway. Its claim to be the government was based on the premise that the pre-war leadership had abdicated its responsibilities by leaving Norway. As Nasjonal Samling had taken the responsible course by assuming the mantle of power, it was therefore the legal administration. However it never achieved any level of support justifying its claim to be the legitimate Norwegian government.

This was the view taken in London by Norway's government-in-exile. It saw theNazi Party and itsThird Reich to be the "enemy of war". Anything that aided or encouraged the German occupation of Norway was to be considered in principle an act oftreason; this included membership of Nasjonal Samling.^[a] Norway's exiled government also considered it to be a criminal act to assist the Nazi regime through economic support and commercial activities.

Norwegians who had volunteered for military service with theWehrmacht or, especially, theGermanic-SS were subject to criminal prosecution after the war.Police officers who worked with theRSHA in theStatspolitiet (Norwegian Secret State Police) or joined theGestapo faced charges relating to war crimes, torture, executions, and the mistreatment of prisoners.

In May 1945, at the close of World War II, the paramilitaryMilorg (Norway's official resistance movement in the war) joined units of theNorwegian police that had been trained in Sweden. Both had been well briefed and prepared ahead of the official liberation on 8 May 1945. The Norwegian government-in-exile assembled this force because it viewed the avoidance oflynching or other extrajudicial punishment of former members of the Nazi regime as being of paramount importance. Nevertheless, during the summer of 1945, there was a fierce debate reported in Norwegian newspapers about the prosecution and punishment of war criminals and traitors. Many spoke openly of retaliation, but others argued that death penalty was a "drawback for a civilized community". As tensions hardened, those fighting against the death penalty for humanitarian reasons were stigmatized as "the silk front". Those who favored harsh penalties were known as "the ice front". The editorial pages of Norwegian newspapers (Dagbladet being one of the most prominent) demanded harsh penalties.^{[citation needed]}

Within just a few days of the war ending, up to 28,750 people were arrested for questioning. Although many were released quickly, between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals were still in custody in August 1946.^[3]

Former wartime resistance leaderSven Arntzen was made acting chief barrister of theNorwegian Prosecuting Authority. He was given the responsibility for bringing the cases to trial. Arntzen played a highly public role in establishing the principles that should drive the trials. This led to considerable public and internal debate about the nature of the legal purges.^{[citation needed]}

Altogether prosecutors requested death sentences in 200 cases of treason; of these only 30 were passed down, with 25 being carried out. All wereexecuted by firing squad, except for Erich Hoffmann, who washanged. From the beginning, the application of capital punishment was controversial in Norway, in part because the country's first government instituted capital punishment before the Norwegian parliament had reconvened after the war.^[4]

Forty people were executed. Thirty-seven of them were executed under Norwegian law, and the other three under Allied military law. One man was hanged; the rest were shot.

The three men executed under Allied military law were convicted and sentenced after standing trial in Oslo.

These were the last executions carried out in Norway.

A great deal of sensitivity continues to surround this subject in Norwegian society.^[6] For example, the volunteers who joined theWaffen-SS and served on theEastern Front were tried only for treason, never for war crimes.^[7]

• University of Oslo: The Legal Purges in Norway after 1945 – A Research Project: Project Description
• Home page for project
• Per Ola Johansen, ed. (2006).På siden av rettsoppgjøret (in Norwegian). Oslo: Unipub.ISBN 82-7477-233-4.
• The Norwegian SS Volunteers In addition to general information about the Norwegian SS volunteers, also contains information about what happened to these soldiers after the war (archived link)
• Anika Seemann (2020) "Citizen Outcasts",Scandinavian Journal of History, 45:3, 360–383,doi:10.1080/03468755.2019.1620327

• 1945 in Norway
• 1946 in Norway
• 1947 in Norway
• 1948 in Norway
• 1940s trials
• Legal history of Norway
• Norway in World War II
• Political and cultural purges

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