Lebbeus Woods | |
|---|---|
 Lebbeus Woods | |
| Born | (1940-05-31)May 31, 1940 |
| Died | October 30, 2012(2012-10-30) (aged 72) |
| Occupations | Architect and artist |
| Website | lebbeuswoods |
Lebbeus Woods (May 31, 1940 – October 30, 2012) was an Americanarchitect known for experimental and innovativearchitectural designs, his projects often theorizing architecture in areas experiencing crisis. Woods was the founder of the Research Institute for Experimental Architecture (RIEA). He also served as a professor of architecture at the Cooper Union School of Architecture, and later, as a professor of Visionary Architecture at theEuropean Graduate School (EGS).[2]
Born in East Lansing, Michigan, Woods studied architecture at theUniversity of Illinois and engineering atPurdue University. While Woods called himself an architect he never received a degree in architecture nor was he ever licensed to practice architecture. He first worked in the offices ofEero Saarinen as a field representative on theFord Foundation building designed by Saarinen in New York City. After leaving Saarinen's office he worked for a short period for the Champaign, Illinois firm of Richardson, Severns Scheeler & Associates. He also produced paintings for the Indianapolis Art Museum during that period. In 1976 he turned exclusively to theory and experimental projects.[3] He designed a light pavilion in the Sliced Porosity Block,Chengdu,China withSteven Holl,[4] and buildings inHavana,Cuba.[5][6] In 1988, Woods co-founded the Research Institute forExperimental Architecture, a nonprofit institution devoted to the advancement of experimental architectural thought and practice while promoting the concept and perception of architecture itself.
As an artist, Woods illustrated Wagner'sRing of the Niebelung, andArthur C. Clarke's 1983 short-story anthology,The Sentinel.[7] An exhibition of Woods' work, including his drawings, was organized by theSan Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 2013. The opening included a conversation between Southern California architectsThom Mayne andNeil Denari, who remembered Woods as a mentor and friend.[8] This was a touring exhibition, presenting during 2014 at theEli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University andDrawing Center, in New York.[9]
The author of nine books, he was a 1994 recipient of theChrysler Design Award.[3] He was a professor of architecture at theCooper Union in New York City and at theEuropean Graduate School inSaas-Fee,Switzerland.[10]
While the purpose of mostarchitects is the construction of their designed work, for Woods, the essence ofarchitecture transcended these limits by seeking something other than an idea expressed as a built form. Interested in what would happen if the architect was freed from conventional restrictions, he did not intend to generate and construct adesign proposal of a specific geometrical form in order to approach an existing architectural problem. To the contrary, his work consists of intricately complex drawings and designs, envisioning and exploring new types ofspace. Yet, he considered his architecture neither utopian nor visionary but an attempt to approachreality under a radical set of ideas and conditions.[11]
In his visionary world, architecture instrumentalizes the continuous transformation of the human being as its user who becomes its creator, giving it meaning and content through their way of acting in space. All individuals, whether they have an architectural background or not, should become creators of this new world. A person devoid ofarchitectural education is called upon to act as an architect and in parallel, the architect needs to act upon as a person with no architectural background.[12] To this end, Woods saw a parallelism between thedesigner of abuilding and the creator of apyramid who follows forms imposed by those who represent, express, dominate, and exploit others’ obedience to regulatory rules. On one hand, at the lowest level of the structure Wood places the inhabitant of the pyramid as the bearer of its full load. On the other hand, the architect who designs building non types, or else the freespace of unknown purpose and meaning, inverts the pyramid and creates new building types. Every resident of this inverted structure becomes a top. In the undefineddarkness of the void where this structure is located, many pyramids interpenetrate and dissolve, one in the other. They generate a flow; a form of indeterminacy; a contradictoryplan; acity of unknown origin and destination; a state of continuous transformation.[13] This can as also be seen in Woods's project Horizon Houses about which he states:
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They are structures experimenting with our perception of spatial transformations, accomplished without any material changes to the structures themselves. In these projects, my concern was the question of space. The engineering questions of how to turn the houses could be answered by conventional mechanical means—cranes and the like—but these seem clumsy and inelegant. The mechanical solution may lie in the idea of self-propelling structures, using hydraulics. But of more immediate concern: how would the changing spaces impact the ways we might inhabit them?[14]
The majority of his explorations deal with the design of systems in crisis: the order of the existing being confronted by the order of the new. His designs are politically charged and provocative visions of a possible reality; provisional, local, and charged with the investment of their creators. He is best known for his proposals for San Francisco, Havana, and Sarajevo that were included in the publication of Radical Reconstruction in 1997 (Sarajevo after the war, Havana in the grips of the ongoing trade embargo, and San Francisco after the Loma Prieta earthquake).
Architecture and war are not incompatible. Architecture is war. War is architecture. I am at war with my time, with history, with all authority that resides in fixed and frightened forms. I am one of millions who do not fit in, who have no home, no family, no doctrine, no firm place to call my own, no known beginning or end, no "sacred and primordial site." I declare war on all icons and finalities, on all histories that would chain me with my own falseness, my own pitiful fears. I know only moments, and lifetimes that are as moments, and forms that appear with infinite strength, then "melt into air." I am an architect, a constructor of worlds, a sensualist who worships the flesh, the melody, a silhouette against the darkening sky. I cannot know your name. Nor you can know mine. Tomorrow, we begin together the construction of a city.[15]
Realizing the need to redefine the meaning of human existence by means of architecture, Woods envisioned the creation of spaces sheltering the diverse material and immaterial needs of each of their inhabitants. In his works, terms of a conventional architectural vocabulary, such as the void, wall, volume, and surface, give their place to combinations of heterogeneous and radical interpretations of their content including the "freespace", "multiplicity", and "heterarchy".[16]
In a similar way,Michel Foucault identified transitional spaces that accommodate diversity or else theother pertaining to each inhabitant as opposed to the entirecommunity. For him, these heterotopias are real and institutionalized spaces lost within the grid of the urban fabric. However, they constitute "a kind ofdislocation or a realized utopia, in which all the real spatial arrangements, all other spatial arrangements encountered within society, are simultaneously represented, challenged and overturned".[17]
Woods introduced the termfreespace to propose an architectural approach freed from its conventional, predetermined anddeterministic character, or else an architecture that instrumentalizes the ever-changinglandscape of the modern era which is exposed to natural and man-made changes. In contrast to the model of organization and development of the modern city, thefreespace was for Woods a field of unpredictable forces and continuous transformations of both its user and society which is characterized by morphological fluidity and ideological liberation.[13] Theconcept offreespace was addressed to the remaining empty space whose meaning differs from that of the indefinite void whether it is perceptual, natural, political,social or cultural. A buildingmass is not a necessary condition for the existence of space. The act ofabstraction is an entirely creativelogic that leads to covering the remaining empty space with human energy and movement. The subtracted mass cannot be replaced with anything else as the energy lost in the act of subtraction can only be offered to thesystem through human energy, thus ensuring the system's balance.[13] In Woods'freespace, the user of the building plays the role of the creator, and the space exists only when it is inhabited. It is not intended for a particularsocial group, but for those who wish to transform their everyday life from static to fluid and from deterministic to existential. It does not have a predefined plan of use and is not part of a particular building type. The purpose of establishing such a space is the transformation of the user through their existence into an unprecedented and totally indefinable spatial reality. Woods' society can only be founded on the intelligence, resourcefulness and awareness-raising initiative of the individual who is called to identify and harmonize with the complexity of their self-sufficiency in space and time. To do this, they must devise new and more experimental ways of usingfreespace.[13]
Woods developed a comprehensivetheory about thewall as a structural element, giving it a multi-dimensional and totally different value from that of the boundary. For him, walls form as a result of the ephemeralculture that develops in the midst of acrisis which manifests itself not in its core, where the most damaging effects are expressed, but in zones on its periphery. The zones of crisis are shaped by the collision of dissimilar situations, things, and ideologies and constitute the only places where new and vital ideas for the development of a new culture can emerge. In this context, thewall is an element which defines rather than divides spaces that lie between different spatial conditions and its user is one who purposely went there not fitting in any of the conventionally designed spaces. The wall's role is to neither build a completely new logic, nor abandon existing systems and ideas but to trigger a new way of thinking about space.[12]
In Woods’ philosophy, space and structure constitute a form ofnoise orchaos known asmultiplicity. In his work,multiplicity is defined as a source of change consisting of undefined compositions of elements with indistinguishable trajectories. The elements form an aggregate but not a totality. Thus,multiplicity can be described but not clearly defined. It contains a sense of indeterminate motion which can influence and create sets of elements rather than a transition from one point to another.Multiplicity, for Woods, is directly linked to creation but it involves the possibility of chaos andviolence. Themultiplicity of chaos triggers an endless series of changes, some of which are violent. Under such circumstances, Woods envisioned a world that is reborn and continuously transforming, thus responding to the ever-changing environment but also to each individual's needs.[12]
In a society where heterogeneity is established as a form of homogeneity, Woods envisioned the foundation ofheterarchy, a societal structure based on dialogue and collaboration. In this context, the individual stands as a unique entity calledheteros pertaining to theother; the one that differs from the group.[13] In this society, Woods believes that the architect needs to first respect and meet the needs of eachheteros member to satisfy eventually the ones of the larger group.[13]
A 1980 proposal for a celestial cenotaph for Albert Einstein, to be constructed in orbit and sent into deep space. Wood envisioned it as "a vessel that rides a beam of light to the edges of the cosmos, eventually and infinitely orbiting back toward its origin."[18]
In 1988, as part of the Kyong Park exhibition at theStorefront for Art and Architecture inNew York City, Woods proposed a solution of an architectural and political nature to address the crisis in theKorean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a strip ofland that runs through theKorean Peninsula and almost bisects it, forming a neutral zone between the northern and southern part. It was created in 1953 de facto under the Korean Reconciliation Agreement betweenNorth Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and theUnited Nations, requiring the troops of each side to descend from the front's line by 2 km, thus leaving a neutral 4 km-wide strip between them.[12]
Woods’ Terra Nova-DMZ project had a double purpose: first, to comment on themilitary and social implications of the political division of the Korean Peninsula from a symbolic andaesthetic architectural perspective; second, to reflect on the rigid relationship between architecture and landscape. To this end, he bisected vertically the Korean peninsula by envisioned a steel-and-aluminum,dome-like structure of gigantic dimensions to make the military equipment accumulated in the area undetectable by satellite oraerial photography. In this way, he designed afreespace which covered the entire length of the peninsula and consisted of movable architectural elements, covering Han and Nakdong rivers to the South and expanding all the way down to the coast ofKorea Strait. To the North, a smaller structure rose to Imjin and covered the Changjin Reservoir reaching the foot of Mount Hamgyong. The function of the architectural members of the dome set the foundation for asecond nature, or in Woods' vocabulary, aterra nova. In this new nature, a dialectic relationship between the ends of the militarydipole was established, without this meaning the merging of each pole's characteristics and ideologies.[12]
In 1995, Woods dealt with the urban fabric ofHavana, in a period whenCuba was undergoing the consequences of theCuban Revolution andCommunism, including the trade embargo by theUnited States. Under these terms, the Cuban government encouraged the construction of public buildings and social housing as a form of financial and technical support. Whole building blocks pre-fabricated inYugoslavia were transferred to Havana ready for assembly, triggering the development of a type of architecture similar to the one implemented ineastern Europe. Woods's work aimed to activate every citizen in Havana by proposing the practice of a radical architecture which he considered an extension of the revolution rather than an adaptation to old habits and conditions.[19] To this end, he developed three architectural proposals.[12]
The first one dealt with the 6 km-long avenue ofMalecon which forms the northernborder between Havana and the Caribbean Sea. Here, Woods envisioned to create an artificialbreakwater which would protect the urban fabric against the tides caused by tropical storms and hurricanes flooding a large part of the city every three to four years. It would be also used as abalcony to the sea for recreational purposes. Using the energy of the tides, the breakwater would tilt increasing in height and strength (Woods, 2010). Woods' aimed to use the boundary in a dual way: on one hand, to protect and separate the urban fabric from the forces of nature; on the other hand, to create a new space on the extension of the old boundary between land and sea in an attempt to reconcile an artificial and a natural element.[12]
The second proposal focused on the city's historic center known asHavana Vieja, which leads to the harbor and is in a state ofdecomposition as there are no funds required for the preservation of its historic buildings. Woods introduced the concept of awall to propose the construction of an urban wall along the old city boundary in order to bring together the decomposition and redevelopment activities of Havana Vieja. It was a massive construction that contained utilities accommodating new types of use and habitation within the old city. It was made of cheap, and lightweight materials, yet based on the cutting-edge technological means of the times. The wall in this work did not function as a boundary isolating the old from the new part of the city of Havana but as a form offreespace redefining the relationship between them.[12]
Woods's third proposal did not dictate the result, but provided accurate models and rules that could be transformed into built forms. Thanks to its vibrant culture and its unstable political history, Havana was for him an incubator for the study of the function of institutions of any type. His aim was to design rules and practices through which the institutes could be reorganized and reformed. In Havana, this center was to be dedicated to the study andanalysis of holistic models of both fixed and fluid surfaces representing the paradoxical landscapes of contemporary cities of the era that included the human and natural forces of change.[12]
In 1990sBerlin, in order to reduce the importance of theWall that divided the city into the Eastern and Western part, Lebbeus Woods envisioned the construction of an underground community along the U-Bahn lines, a project which again remained on paper. His goal was to encourage the citizens of Berlin to reconnect their own city and their fragmented culture. This would require the overthrow of the current system of values andsocial control which Woods wished to achieve by architectural means. Starting with the destruction of the neglected and abandoned by public and private institutions urban space (freespace), he proposed the construction of spaces of extreme conditions of living anddwelling for the ones who abolish the conventional principles of architecture. These freespaces would compose a linear network of autonomous habitat and work structures, as he described them whose inhabitants would be in charge of building their underground city.[13]
In the underground city, inverted light metal towers and bridges are electronically connected with large public ground spaces as well as with each other. The structures are in constant transformation vibrating by the forces of the earth. They were conceived as intertwined landscapes of dialogue where there is unlimited freedom of access to communication systems; these are the "free-zones", which appeared for the first time in Woods' philosophy and vocabulary as"Berlin Freezones".[13] In thisfreespace, instrument stations ensure theinteraction with otherfreespaces, locations, and users. They play the role of electronic nodes that are connected to computers and other telecommunication devices, thus laying the foundations for creating a dynamic relationship between the physical reality of architecture and the non-material world oftechnology.[13] The underground society can survive as long as it remains secret and only as the inhabitants use their intelligence to reach a state ofself-organization.[12]
In the terrestrial city the ground functions as a surface offriction resisting the city's energy. In this way, Wood argues, terrestrial life is limited to only two dimensions and the notion of the surface is stronger than that of the depth. In this sense, the ground stands as a boundary. To the contrary, in the underground city, the city of depth, the surface does not function as a point of reference. The underground inhabitants do not seek to meet their daily needs in a standardized way and the architecture of the underground world aims to lay the foundation for a newplasticity in the way of thinking and experiencing space or else, an experimental way of living.[13]
Woods sued the producers of the film12 Monkeys, claiming that they copied his work "Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber".[20] Woods won a "six figure sum", and allowed the film to continue to be screened. The end credits state that his work "inspired" the Interrogation Room set.[21]
Woods is credited as the "conceptual architect"[citation needed] forAlien 3, establishing the look and feel of the film, especially the opening sequence.[citation needed]
Woods's works have inspired the art designerViktor Antonov's personal style that is portrayed in several video game franchises, includingHalf-Life andDishonored.Afterlight, from Silent Road Studios, is also known to use Woods's ideas both aesthetically and thematically.[22]
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