 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name Lead(II) 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3-bis(olate) | |
| Other names Lead 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3-diolate Lead 2,4,6-trinitro-m-phenylene dioxide 1,3-Benzenediol, 2,4,6-trinitro-, lead(2+) salt (1:1) Lead tricinate Lead trinitroresorcinate Tricinat[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.703 |
| EC Number |
|
| UNII |
|
| UN number | 0130 |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C6HN3O8Pb | |
| Molar mass | 450.288 g/mol |
| Density | 3.06 to 3.1 g cm−3 |
| Explosive data | |
| Shock sensitivity | High |
| Friction sensitivity | High |
| Detonation velocity | 5200 m/s |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling:[2] | |
    | |
| Danger | |
| H200,H302,H332,H360Df,H373,H410 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| 330 °C (626 °F; 603 K) | |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Oxford MSDS |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Lead styphnate (lead 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinate, C6HN3O8Pb), whose name is derived fromstyphnic acid, is anexplosive used as a component inprimer anddetonator mixtures for less sensitivesecondary explosives. Lead styphnate is only slightly soluble inwater andmethanol.[3] Samples of lead styphnate vary in color from yellow to gold, orange, reddish-brown, to brown. Lead styphnate is known in various polymorphs, hydrates, and basic salts. Normal lead styphnate monohydrate, monobasic lead styphnate, tribasic lead styphnate dihydrate, and pentabasic lead styphnate dehydrate as well as α, βpolymorphs of lead styphnate exist.
Lead styphnate forms six-sided crystals of themonohydrate and small rectangular crystals. Lead styphnate is particularly sensitive to fire and the discharge ofstatic electricity. Long thin crystals are particularly sensitive. Lead styphnate does not react with other metals and is less sensitive to shock and friction thanmercury fulminate orlead azide. It is stable in storage, even at elevated temperatures. As with otherlead-containing compounds, lead styphnate is toxic owing toheavy metal poisoning.
Lead styphnate (or, as it was then called, trinitro-orcinate) was discovered along with many other trinitroresorcinate salts by British chemistJohn Stenhouse in 1871, the synthesis route involving action of trinitroresorcinol onlead acetate.[4][5]
In 1919, Austrian chemist Edmund von Herz first established a preparation of anhydrous normal lead styphnate by the reaction of magnesium styphnate with lead acetate in the presence ofnitric acid.[6][3]
Normal lead styphnate exists as α and β polymorphs, both being monoclinic crystals. The lead centres are seven-coordinate and are bridged via oxygen bridges. The water molecule is coordinated to the metal and is also hydrogen-bonded to the anion. Many of the Pb-O distances are short, indicating some degree of covalency. The styphnate ions lie in approximately parallelplanes linked by Pb atoms.[7][8]
Lead styphnate's heat of formation is −835 kJ mol−1. The loss of water leads to the formation of a sensitive anhydrous material with a density of 2.9 g cm−3. The variation of colors remains unexplained.[9] Lead styphnate has a detonation velocity of 5.2 km/s and an explosion temperature of 265–280 °C after five seconds.[10]
Lead styphnate is mainly used in small armsammunition for military and commercial applications. It serves as aprimary explosive used in firearms primers, which will ignite upon a simple impact.[11] It is similarly used in blank cartridges forpowder-actuated nail guns. Lead styphnate is also used as primer in microthrusters for small satellite stationkeeping.[12]
