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Lawu language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endangered Loloish language of China
Not to be confused withLavu language.
Lawu
Pronunciationla21wu21
Native toChina
RegionYunnan
Native speakers
50 (2012)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lwu
Glottologlawu1238

Lawu (autonym:la21wu21)[2] is a highly endangered unclassifiedLoloish language ofYunnan, China. It has about 50 elderly speakers in Jiuha village 旧哈村,[3] Shuitang district 水塘镇,Xinping County, Yuxi Prefecture,Yunnan Province. There are possibly also some speakers in Jiujia District 九甲乡,Zhenyuan County,Pu'er Prefecture, Yunnan Province.[2] Lawu speakers are currently classified by the Chinese government asLahu, but were formerly classified asYi.

Classification

[edit]

Cathryn Yang (2012)[4] suggests that Lawu is most likely aCentral Ngwi language, but notes that it does not classify with Lalo, Lahu, or the Lisoid (Lisu, Lipo, Lolopo) languages.

Andrew Hsiu (2017)[5] suggests that Lawu is related toAwu of Xiaopingzi 小坪子, Daping Township 大坪乡,Yuanyang County, Yunnan, China,[6] which is documented in Lu & Lu (2011).[7] Together, Lawu and Awu form aLawu orLawoish language branch. The linguistic evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Awu had migrated down theRed River valley from further up northwest, and arrived at their present location after migrating downstream.

Lewu, which is currently extinct, may have been related to Lawu, but classification is uncertain due to the paucity of data.

Phonology

[edit]
Consonants[4]
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelar
Plosiveptk
Affricatetsʰtstɕʰ
Fricativefvszɕx
Nasalmnŋ
Approximantwlj
  • /n/ is pronounced [ɲ] before the vowels /i e/.
Vowels[4]
FrontCentralBack
Highiu
Mideəo
Lowa
  • /i/ is realised as anapical vowel [z̩] after the alveolar affricates and fricatives /tsʰ ts s z/.

Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /ue/, /ie/, /au/, /ai/, /ua/.

Lawu also has fourtones;[4] high, mid, low, and falling.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lawu atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^abYang (2011) (ISO 639-3 documentation)
  3. ^"新平县水塘镇旧哈村民委员会".ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved2017-12-30.
  4. ^abcdYang, Cathryn. 2012.Phonology sketch and classification of Lawu, an undocumented Ngwi language of Yunnan. InLinguistic Discovery, Volume 10, Issue 2, Year 2012. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College.doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.410
  5. ^Hsiu, Andrew. 2017.The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor.
  6. ^"元阳县大坪乡大坪村委会小坪子村".ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived fromthe original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved2017-12-30.
  7. ^Lu Peng 卢鹏; Lu Wei 路伟. 2011. 国际哈尼/阿卡区域文化调查: 中国元阳县大坪哈尼族阿邬人文化实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云南人民出版社.ISBN 978-7-222-07999-1
Official
Regional
ARs /SARs
Prefecture
Counties/Banners
numerous
Indigenous
Lolo-
Burmese
Mondzish
Burmish
Loloish
Hanoish
Lisoish
Nisoish
Other
Qiangic
Tibetic
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Other languages
Austroasiatic
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Hmongic
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Zhuang
Other
Tungusic
Turkic
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Minority
Varieties of
Chinese
Creole/Mixed
Extinct
Sign
  • GX = Guangxi
  • HK = Hong Kong
  • MC = Macau
  • NM = Inner Mongolia
  • XJ = Xinjiang
  • XZ = Tibet
Sino-Tibetan branches
WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)
Greater Magaric
Map of Sino-Tibetan languages
EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)
Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border
Naga
Sal
East andSoutheast Asia
Burmo-Qiangic
Dubious (possible
isolates,Arunachal)
Greater Siangic
Proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
Mondzish
Kathu
Nuclear Mondzish
Loloish
(Yi)
(Ngwi)
Southern Loloish
(Southern Ngwi)
(Hanoish)
Hanoid
Akha
Hani
Haoni
Bisoid
Siloid
Bi-Ka
Mpi
Jino
Central Loloish
(Central Ngwi)
Lawoish
Lahoish
Nusoish
Lisoish
Laloid
Taloid
Kazhuoish
Nisoish
Northern Loloish
(Northern Ngwi)
(Nisoid)
Nosoid
Nasoid
Southeastern Loloish
(Southeastern Ngwi)
(Axi-Puoid)
Nisu
Sani–Azha
Highland Phula
Riverine Phula
others
Burmish
Northern
High Northern
Hpon
Mid Northern
Southern
Intha-Danu
Nuclear Southern
Pai-lang
(Proto-languages)
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