| La-5 | |
|---|---|
 Lavochkin La-5F | |
| General information | |
| Type | Fighter aircraft |
| National origin | Soviet Union |
| Manufacturer | Lavochkin |
| Designer | |
| Primary user | Soviet Air Force |
| Number built | 9,920 |
| History | |
| Introduction date | July 1942 |
| First flight | March 1942 |
| Developed from | LaGG-3 |
| Developed into | Lavochkin La-7 |
TheLavochkin La-5 (Лавочкин Ла-5) was aSovietfighter aircraft ofWorld War II. It was a development and refinement of theLaGG-3, replacing the earlier model'sinline engine with the much more powerfulShvetsov ASh-82radial engine. During its time in service, it was one of theSoviet Air Force's most capable types of warplane, able to fight German designs on almost equal footing.
The La-5 descended from theLaGG-1 and LaGG-3, aircraft designed byVladimir Gorbunov before theSecond World War. The LaGG-1 was underpowered, and the LaGG-3 - with a lighter airframe and a stronger engine did not solve the problem. By early 1942, the LaGG-3's shortcomings led toLavochkin falling out ofJoseph Stalin's favour, and LaGG-3 factories converting toYakovlev Yak-1 andYak-7 production.
During the winter of 1941–1942, Lavochkin worked unofficially to improve the LaGG-3. Design work was conducted in a small hut beside an airfield. In early 1942, Gorbunov replaced a LaGG-3'sinline engine with the strongerShvetsov ASh-82radial engine. The nose was replaced with the nose of the ASh-82-poweredSukhoi Su-2. The new engine required work to maintain the aircraft's balance. The prototype first flew in March, and demonstrated surprisingly acceptable performance; air force test pilots considered it to be superior to the Yak-7, and intensive flight tests began in April. The aircraft was namedLaG-5; the change from LaGG was becauseMikhail Gudkov, one of the original LaGG designers, was no longer with the programme. By July, it was calledLa-5, although Gorbunov was still involved.
By July, the La-5 was ordered into full production, including the conversion of incomplete LaGG-3 airframes. Production based on the prototype began almost immediately in factories in Moscow and the Yaroslav region. Changes to the main production model includedslats to improve all-round performance. The La-5 was inferior to the bestGerman fighters at higher altitudes, but equal at lower altitudes; it was suitable for air combat over theEastern Front which typically took place at altitudes under 5,000 m (16,404 ft).
The aircraft received further modifications. TheLa-5F improved the pilot's exterior visibility with a cut down rear fuselage. The definitiveLa-5FN had afuel-injected engine, a different engine air intake, and was further lightened. A full circle turn took 18–19 seconds. Very late-production La-5FN had two 20mmBerezin B-20 cannon installed in the cowling in place of the heavier two 20mmShVAK; both were capable of a salvo weight of 3.4 kg/s.
9,920 La-5s of all variants were built, including dedicatedtrainer versions, designatedLa-5UTI.
The La-5 was the basis for the further improvedLavochkin La-7.
A number of La-5s continued in the service ofEastern Bloc nations after the end of the war, includingCzechoslovakia.
In mid-1943, a new La-5 was captured by the Germans after making a forced landing at a German airfield. The aircraft was assessed byLuftwaffe test pilotHans-Werner Lerche.[1] Lerche noted that the La-5FN excelled at altitudes below 3,000 m (9,843 ft) but suffered from short range and flight time of only 40 minutes at cruise engine power. All of the engine controls (throttle, mixture, propeller pitch, cowl flaps, and supercharger gearbox) had separate levers which forced the pilot to make constant adjustments during combat or risk suboptimal performance. For example, rapid acceleration required moving no less than six levers. In contrast, contemporary German aircraft with theBMW 801 used theKommandogerätengine computer system that automatically controlled all of these settings from a single throttle lever. Due to airflow limitations, the engine boost system (Forsazh) could not be used above 2,000 m (6,562 ft). Stability in all axes was generally good. The authority of the ailerons was deemed exceptional but the rudder was insufficiently powerful at lower speeds. At speeds in excess of 600 km/h (370 mph), the forces on control surfaces became excessive. Horizontal turn time at 1,000 m (3,281 ft) and maximum engine power was 25 seconds.
The La-5's top speed and acceleration were comparable to Luftwaffe fighters at low altitude. The La-5FN roll rate was slightly higher than theMesserschmitt Bf 109; the Bf 109 was slightly faster, and had higher climb and turn rates.[2] The La-5FN climbed slightly faster and had a smaller turn radius than theFocke-Wulf Fw 190A-8. However, the Fw 190A-8 was faster at all altitudes and had significantly better dive performance and a superior roll-rate. Lerche advised Fw 190 pilots to draw the La-5FN to higher altitudes, escape attacks by diving followed by a high-speed shallow climb, and avoid prolonged turning engagements.
The most serious La-5 defects were the engine's thermal isolation, lack of cockpit ventilation, and a canopy that was impossible to open at speeds over 350 km/h. Furthermore, poor engine compartment insulation allowed exhaust gas to enter the cockpit; in response, pilots frequently ignored orders by flying with open canopies.[3]
Soviet pilots were generally satisfied with the La-5. "That was an excellent fighter with two cannons and a powerful air-cooled engine", recalled pilot Viktor M. Sinaisky. "The first La-5s from theTbilisi factory were slightly inferior, while the last ones from theGorki plant, which came to us fromIvanovo, were perfect. At first we received regular La-5s, but then we got new ones containing theASh-82FN engine with directinjection of fuel into the cylinders. It was perfected and had better maneuverability, acceleration, speed and climb rate compared to the early variants. Everyone was in love with the La-5. It was easy to maintain, too."[4]
Nevertheless, La-5 losses were high, the highest of all fighters in service in USSR, excepting those of the Yak-1. In 1941–45,VVS KA lost 2,591 La-5s: 73 in 1942, 1,460 in 1943, 825 the following year, and 233 in 1945.[5]
The La-5F arrived at the frontline in February 1943. It was able to challenge the Bf 109G-2 and the Fw 190A-4 on more or less equal terms, while at tree-top height it was even faster. One of the most successful La-5 units was 5th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, that flew 3,802 combat sorties, claiming 128 enemy aircraft shot down while losing 52 Lavochkins.[6]
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An La-5 wreck is in storage at theMilitary Aviation Museum inVirginia Beach, Virginia.[7]
Data fromIstoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950,[8] Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[9]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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