Initially a Celtic and Roman settlement on the shores of the lake, Lausanne became a town at the foot ofNotre Dame, a cathedral built in the 12th century.
TheRomans built a military camp, which they calledLousanna, at the site of aCeltic settlement, near the lake whereVidy andOuchy are situated; on the hill above was a fort calledLausodunon orLousodunon (The "-y" suffix is common to many place names of Roman origin in the region (e.g.)Prilly,Pully,Lutry, etc.).[8] By the 2nd century AD, it was known asvikanor[um] Lousonnensium and in 280 aslacu Lausonio. By 400, it wascivitas Lausanna, and in 990 it was mentioned asLosanna.[8]
After the fall of theWestern Roman Empire, insecurity forced the residents of Lausanne to move to its current centre, a hilly site that was easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by theCounts of Savoy and theBishop of Lausanne.
From 888 to 1032, the initially relatively small town belonged to the Kingdom ofUpper Burgundy. During the 11th century, Lausanne developed into a political, economic and religious center. The city became the center of the secular rule of the bishops. In the period that followed, especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, Lausanne flourished. Finally, in 1275, theLausanne Cathedral was consecrated in the presence of Pope Gregory X andKing Rudolf I of Germany.
It was invaded by forces from the canton ofBern and remained under their domination from 1536 to 1798. The iconoclastic Bernese stripped the Lausanne cathedral of its Roman Catholic trappings, and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the cathedral, were permanently removed.[16] Lausanne has made repeated requests to recover them, but they never were returned.
After therevocation of theEdict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became (along with Geneva) a place of refuge for FrenchHuguenots. In 1729, a seminary was opened byAntoine Court andBenjamin Duplan. By 1750, 90 pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely; this number would rise to 400. Official persecution ended in 1787; a faculty of Protestant theology was established atMontauban in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812.[17] During theNapoleonic Wars, the city's status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swisscanton of Vaud under which it joined theSwiss Federation.[8]
In 1923, the city was the venue for the signing of theTreaty of Lausanne, which established the modern Turkish Republic.[18] In 1964, the city played host to the Swiss National Exhibition,[19] displaying its newly found confidence to play host to major international events.
From the 1950s to 1970s, a large number of Italians,Spaniards andPortuguese immigrated to Lausanne, settling mostly in the industrial suburb ofRenens.
The city has served as a refuge for European artists. While under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne,T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poemThe Waste Land ("by the waters of Leman I sat down and wept").[20]Ernest Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, to holiday. In fact, many creative people – such as historianEdward Gibbon and Romantic era poetsShelley andByron – have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby.[21]
The city has been traditionally quiet, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of demonstrations took place that exposed tensions between young people and the police. In the early 1980s, the Lôzane Bouge protests demanded the city "open an autonomous centre, lower cinema ticket prices, liberalise cannabis and end the process of keeping records on homosexuals, all accompanied by leaflets, chants, and songs in the street".[22] Protests occurred in 2003, against theG8 meetings.[23]
In June 2022, Lausanne launched Plateforme 10, an art district comprising three museums. The trio of museums included Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (MCBA), Photo Elysée, and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC).[24][25]
The most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva (Le Léman in French). Lausanne is built on the southern slope of theSwiss plateau, with a difference in elevation of about 500 metres (1,640 ft) between the lakeshore at Ouchy and its northern edge borderingLe Mont-sur-Lausanne andÉpalinges. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Swiss and SavoyanAlps.
In addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, theFlon, which has been covered since the 19th century. The former river forms a gorge running through the middle of the city south of the old city centre, generally following the course of the presentRue Centrale, with several bridges crossing the depression to connect the adjacent neighbourhoods. Due to the considerable differences in elevation, tourists should make a note as to which plane of elevation they are on and where they want to go, otherwise they will find themselves tens of metres below or above the street in which they are trying to go. The nameFlon is also used for themetro station located in the gorge.
The municipality includes the villages ofVidy, Cour,Ouchy, Mornex, Chailly, La Sallaz, Vennes, Montblesson, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Montheron and Chalet-à-Gobet (871 m (2,858 ft)) as well as theexclave of Vernand.
Lausanne is located at the limit between the extensive wine-growing regions ofLavaux (to the east) andla Côte (to the west).
Lausanne has an area, as of 2014[update], of 41.38–41.37 square kilometers (15.98–15.97 sq mi) (depending on calculation method). Of this area, 6.22 km2 (2.40 sq mi) or 15.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 16.06 km2 (6.20 sq mi) or 38.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 19.00 km2 (7.34 sq mi) or 45.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.08 km2 (20 acres) or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.0% is unproductive land.[26]
Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 22.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 12.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 9.4% is used for growing crops and 4.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes and streams.[26]
The municipality was part of the oldLausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and it became the region capital of the new district of Lausanne.[27]
Lausanne has an average of 119.7 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,153 mm (45.4 in) ofprecipitation. The wettest month is May during which time Lausanne receives an average of 117 mm (4.6 in) of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.1 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 67 mm (2.6 in) of precipitation over 8.8 days.[28] The USDAHardiness Zone for Lausanne-Pully is 8b with an average minimum temperature of −7.0 C over the past 20 years (1997–2016).[29]
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Climate data for Pully (Lausanne), elevation 456 m (1,496 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
The city is divided into 18quartiers, or districts, sometimes composed of several neighborhoods. They are: Centre (1), Maupas/Valency (2), Sébeillon/Malley (3), Montoie/Bourdonnette (4), Montriond/Cour (5), Sous-Gare/Ouchy (6), Montchoisi (7), Florimont/Chissiez (8), Mousquines/Bellevue (9), Vallon/Béthusy (10), Chailly/Rovéréaz (11), Sallaz/Vennes/Séchaud (12), Sauvabelin (13), Borde/Bellevaux (14), Vinet/Pontaise (15), Bossons/Blécherette (16), Beaulieu/Grey/Boisy (17), and Les Zones foraines (90).
The municipality (la Municipalité) constitutes the executive government of the City of Lausanne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of seven councilors (French:conseiller municipal/conseillère municipale), each presiding over a directorate. One of the members act as mayor (syndic). In the mandate period 2021–2026 (la législature) the Municipality is presided by le Syndic Grégoire Junod. Directoral tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Communal Council are carried by the Municipality. The regular election of the Municipality by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every five years. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipality. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud.[35] The current mandate period is from 1 Jue 2021 to 30 May 2026. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is later on elected as such by a public election as well by a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Town Hall (L'Hôtel de Ville), in the old city onPlace de la Palud.[36]
Le Conseil communal of Lausanne for the mandate period of 2021–2026
Ensemble à Gauche (POP, Sol, indépendant.e.s) (13.0%)
PS (29.0%)
Les Verts (PES) (24.0%)
pvl) (6.00%)
PLR (21.0%)
UDC (7.00%)
The Communal Council (Conseil communal) holdslegislative power. It is made up of 100 members, with elections held every five years. The Communal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipality and the administration. The sessions of the Communal Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipality, members of the Communal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Communal Council. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud.[35] The Parliament holds its meetings in the Town Hall (Hôtel de Ville), in the old city onPlace de la Palud.[39]
In the2015 federal election for theSwiss National Council the most popular party was thePS which received 30.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were thePLR (18.7%), theGreen Party (15.9%), and theUDC (15.4%). In the federal election, a total of 26,116 voters were cast, and thevoter turnout was 41.0%.[43]
Lausanne has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 140,202.[49] As of 2013[update], 42% of the population were resident foreign nationals.[46] Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 9.9%. It has changed at a rate of 8.3% due to migration and at a rate of 2.6% due to births and deaths.[50] The population of the greater Lausanne area (grand Lausanne) is 402,900 (as of December 2014).[10]
Of the population in the municipality, 58% or 80,828 have a Swiss citizenship, while 16,908 or 12.1% are from Lausanne and still lived there in December 2013. There were 27,653 or 19.8% who are from somewhere else in the same canton, while 36,276 or 26.0% have a Swiss citizenship in another canton. 58,9562 or 42.0% have a foreign citizenship.[51]
In 2000, most of the population spoke French (98,424 or 78.8%), with German being second most common (5,365 or 4.3%) and Italian being third (4,976 or 4.0%). There were 62 people who speakRomansh.[52]
In 2008[update] there were 840 live births to Swiss citizens and 623 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 862 deaths of Swiss citizens and 127 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 22 while the foreign population increased by 496. There were 9 Swiss men and 57 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2230 non-Swiss men and 1802 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 883 and the non-Swiss population increased by 2221 people. This represents apopulation growth rate of 2.6%.[53]
The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in Lausanne is; 11,818 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 12,128 or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21,101 people or 16.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 22,158 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 18,016 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 13,940 people or 11.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 11,041 people or 8.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 8,277 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 5,896 people or 4.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 1,171 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.[54]
View from Rue du Grand-Pont
As of 2000[update], there were 58,100 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 48,990 married individuals, 7,797 widows or widowers and 10,027 individuals who are divorced.[52]
As of 2000[update] the average number of residents per living room was 0.64 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room.[50] In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43.1 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.[55] About 6.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have amortgage or arent-to-own agreement).[56]
As of 2000[update], there were 62,258 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.9 persons per household.[50] There were 31,205 households that consist of only one person and 2,184 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 63,833 households that answered this question, 48.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 306 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 13,131 married couples without children and 11,603 married couples with children. There were 3,883 single parents with a child or children. There were 2,130 households that were made up of unrelated people, and 1,575 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.[52]
In 2000[update] there were 1,833 single family homes (or 23.1% of the total) out of a total of 7,925 inhabited buildings. There were 3,634 multi-family buildings (45.9%), along with 1,955 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.7%) and 503 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.3%). Of the single family homes 324 were built before 1919, while 153 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (498) were built between 1919 and 1945. The most multi-family homes (933) were built before 1919 and the next most (906) were built between 1919 and 1945. There were 180 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.[57]
In 2000[update] there were 69,383 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 22,408. There were 9,579 single room apartments and 7,388 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 61,056 apartments (88.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6,840 apartments (9.9%) were seasonally occupied and 1,487 apartments (2.1%) were empty.[57] As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents.[50]
As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Lausanne was 1064.08Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$850, £480, €680 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 597.46 CHF (US$480, £270, €380), a two-room apartment was about 792.33 CHF (US$630, £360, €510), a three-room apartment was about 1044.64 CHF (US$840, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2024.55 CHF (US$1620, £910, €1300). The average apartment price in Lausanne was 95.3% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[58] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0.17%.[50]
From theReformation in the 16th century, the city was mostlyProtestant until the late 20th century, when it received substantial immigration, particularly from largely Catholic countries. Catholics now form a plurality of the city's population. The Jewish community gathers at theSynagogue of Lausanne.
From the 2000 census[update], 47,225 people (37.8% of the population) wereRoman Catholic, while 33,993 (27.2%) belonged to theSwiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2,698members of an Orthodox church (2.16%), there were 65 individuals (0.05%) who belonged to theChristian Catholic Church, and there were 4,437 individuals (3.55%) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 849 individuals (0.68%) who were Jewish, and 7,501 (6.00%) who wereMuslim. There were 452 individuals who wereBuddhist, 772 individuals who wereHindu and 343 individuals who belonged to another church. 21,080 (16.88%) belonged to no church, were agnostic oratheist, and 7,590 individuals (6.08%) did not answer the question.[52]
In 2014 the crime rate, of crimes listed in theSwiss Criminal Code, in Lausanne was 167.3 per thousand residents. During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 49.5 per thousand residents, and the rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 21 per thousand residents.[59]
TheLausanne Metro is a rubber tyre metro system.TheLausanne Metro Line 1 is completely on reserved track, single line, even underground.Public transport network
Lausanne became the first city in Switzerland to have arubber-tyred metro system, with the m2 Line which opened in October 2008. The rolling stock is a shorter version of the one used onParis Métro Line 14.[60] Further expansion of the system is planned, as is the re-introduction of trams.[61]
Lausanne is connected to theA1 motorway on its west side (Geneva –Zurich axis) and to theA9 on its north and east side (for transit with Italy and France); the interchange between these two motorways is on the north-west side of the city.
As of 2010[update], Lausanne had an unemployment rate of 8%. As of 2008[update], there were 114 people employed in theprimary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 6,348 people were employed in thesecondary sector and there were 698 businesses in this sector. 83,157 people were employed in thetertiary sector, with 6,501 businesses in this sector.[50]
There were 59,599 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 47.4% of the workforce. In 2008[update] the total number offull-time equivalent jobs was 75,041. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 93, of which 56 were in agriculture, 34 were in forestry or lumber production and 3 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 6,057 of which 1,515 or (25.0%) were in manufacturing, 24 or (0.4%) were in mining and 3,721 (61.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 68,891. In the tertiary sector; 8,520 or 12.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2,955 or 4.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4,345 or 6.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4,671 or 6.8% were in the information industry, 6,729 or 9.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 8,213 or 11.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,756 or 8.4% were in education and 14,312 or 20.8% were in health care.[63]
In 2000[update], there were 55,789 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,082 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 1.9% of the workforce coming into Lausanne are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.[64] Of the working population, 40.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 35.1% used a private car.[50]Large companies headquartered in Lausanne and its metropolitan area include:
In Lausanne about 40,118 or (32.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatoryupper secondary education, and 22,934 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (eitheruniversity or aFachhochschule). Of the 22,934 who completed tertiary schooling, 38.7% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women, 17.1% were non-Swiss men and 12.9% were non-Swiss women.[52]
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 12,244 students in the Lausanne school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.[66] During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 2,648 children of which 1,947 children (73.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 6,601 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 5,244 students in those schools. There were also 399 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.[67]
Lausanne is home to several museums, including theCollection de l'art brut, theEspace Arlaud, theFondation de l'Hermitage, theMusée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire, theMusée cantonal de géologie, theMusée cantonal de zoologie, theCantonal Museum of Fine Arts, theMuseum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, theMusée de l'Élysée and theMusée historique de Lausanne.[68] In 2009 theCollection de l'art brut was visited by 27,028 people (the average in previous years was 33,356). TheEspace Arlaud was visited by 9,222 people (the average in previous years was 14,206). TheFondation de l'Hermitage was visited by 89,175 people (the average in previous years was 74,839). TheMusée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire was visited by 14,841 people (the average in previous years was 15,775). TheMusée cantonal de zoologie was visited by 30,794 people (the average in previous years was 30,392). TheMusée cantonal de géologie was visited by 28,299 people (the average in previous years was 24,248). The Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts was visited by 26,456 people (the average in previous years was 26,384). The Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts was visited by 28,554 people (the average in previous years was 22,879). The Musée de l'Élysée was visited by 36,775 people (the average in previous years was 37,757). TheMusée historique de Lausanne was visited by 23,116 people (the average in previous years was 22,851).[68]
As of 2000[update], there were 12,147 students in Lausanne who came from another municipality, while 2,258 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[64]
Lausanne is home to eight large libraries or collections of libraries. These libraries include theCantonal and University Library of Lausanne, the library of theSwiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), the libraries of theRéseauEPFL, theBibliothèque municipale de Lausanne, theHaute école de travail social et de la santé (EESP), theHECV Santé, theHaute école de la santé La Source and theÉcole cantonale d'art de Lausanne (ECAL). There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 3,496,260 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 1,650,534 items were loaned out.[69]
Lausanne enjoys some world class education and research establishments (see alsoLausanne campus), including private schools, attended by students from around the world.
Civic Structures: Former Hôpital at Rue Mercerie 24, Former Federal Tribunal, the Former Académie at Rue Cité-Devant 7,Casino de Montbenon,St-Maire Castle,Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Fondation de l'Hermitage and House de maître,Railway station,Beau-Rivage Palace,City Hall, Hôtel des Postes, Administration Building of André & Cie. S.A., Administration Building of the Vaudoise Assurances, Apartment and Office Building at Rue du Grand-Chêne 8, Les Bains de Bellerive,l'Estérel House, House at Chemin de Chandolin 4, the Mon-Repos estate atParc de Mon-Repos,Olympic Museum and Archives of theInternational Olympic Committee, the vessels of the CGN (La Suisse (1910), Savoie (1914), Simplon (1920), Rhône (1927)), Pont Chauderon, the Vernand-Dessus rural site, Site de l'Expo 64 avec Théatre deVidy, the Tour Bel-Air and theUniversity Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV).
TheOrchestre de chambre de Lausanne, theLausanne Opera and theEnsemble vocal de Lausanne provide a diverse and rich musical life. The latter has been under the direction ofMichel Corboz for many years.
In January, thePrix de Lausanne, a famous dance competition, takes place at thePalais de Beaulieu (the biggest theatre in Switzerland[71]) over a one-week period. The event attracts dancers and some of the big names in dance from all over the world.
The city hosted theEurovision Song Contest 1989. Each July, theFestival de la cité is held in theold town. Other music festivals include the Bach Festival, theFestival et concours Bach de Lausanne, which follows theNuit des musées (museums' night) in the fall season.
In March–April 2015, the negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework for acomprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme took place at theBeau-Rivage Palace, where the foreign ministers and delegations from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France, the European Union, Germany (P5+1) and Iran were also hosted. The final press conference, on 2 April 2015, was held at theEPFL Learning Centre.
On 24 July 1923, theTreaty of Lausanne was signed at the Beau-Rivage Palace.
^Lasserre, Claude (1997).Le séminaire de Lausanne, 1726–1812 : instrument de la restauration du protestantisme français : étude historique fondée principalement sur les documents inédits. Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, no 112 (in French). Lausanne: Bibliothèque historique vaudoise.ISBN978-2-88454-112-1.OCLC39222660. AlsoOCLC39228676
^ab"Qui peut voter?".Lausanne (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: Secrétariat municipal, Ville de Lausanne. Archived fromthe original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved1 November 2015.
^"Municipalité" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Hôtel de Ville de Lausanne. Archived fromthe original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved17 November 2016.
^ab"Résultats des élections communales" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Hôtel de Ville de Lausanne. 7 March 2021. Retrieved1 August 2022.
^"Conseil communal".Lausanne (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: Conseil communal, Ville de Lausanne. Archived fromthe original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved1 November 2015.
^"Composition du Conseil communal" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Conseil communal, Ville de Lausanne. 21 March 2021. Retrieved1 August 2022.
^Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019)."NR – Ergebnisse Parteien (Gemeinden) (INT1)"(CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
^Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019)."NR – Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)"(CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
^"Population totale selon l'origine, 1979–2013".Scris.vd.ch (Statistics) (in French). Contrôle des Habitants de la Ville de Lausanne / StatVD, canton de Vaud. 23 January 2014. Archived fromthe original(XLS) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved8 August 2014.
^"Kantonsliste A-Objekte".KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved25 April 2011.
^(in French) Mathieu Signorell, "Beaulieu lâche les congrès pour les infirmiers après l'échec de Taoua",24 heures, Saturday 14 February 2015.
^"Le Capitole".Lecapitole.ch (in French).Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved15 February 2015.
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