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Latin cross

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Type of cross and symbol of Christianity
"✝" redirects here. For the similar typographical symbol, seeDagger (mark).
Acrux immissa or Latin cross

ALatin cross orcrux immissa is a type ofChristian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above thecrossbeam,[1] giving the cross four arms. Typically the two horizontal and upper vertical arm are the same length, although sometimes the vertical is shorter, however the lower vertical arm is always much longer than any other arm.[2]

When displayedupside down it is calledSt. Peter's Cross, because he wasexecuted on this type of cross.[3] When displayed sideways it is calledSt. Philip's cross for the same reason.[3]

Many churches of different time periods are designed using the Latin cross plan. When looked at from above, it takes the shape of a Latin cross. A Latin cross plan primarily contains a nave, transept, apse, and narthex.

History

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Pagan-eraRoman military standards with Latin crosses.

The Latin cross is present in archeological findings predating Christianity by several millennia. In pagan Rome it was represented in military standards of Roman legions.

Wayside cross inKarachi, Pakistan.

Nowadays the Latin cross is mostly used to represent all ofChristianity andChristendom, given that it teaches thatJesus sacrificed himself for humanity upon it, atoning for the sins of the world.[4][5] It is especially used among the denominations ofWestern Christianity, including the Roman Catholic tradition and several Protestant traditions, such as Lutheranism, Moravianism, Anglicanism, Methodism, and Reformed Christianity, as well as by Anabaptists, Baptists, and Pentecostals.[6] In certain periods, such as during the 16th centuryEnglish Reformation of the Anglican Church, the Latin cross was disfavored by a minority of theologians such asNicholas Ridley, though in the overall history of the Western Christian Churches, this was short-lived.[7]

Cruciform churches

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Color coded Latin cross floor plan

A Latin cross plan is afloor plan found in many Christianchurches andcathedrals.[8] When looked at from above or inplan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross (crux immissa).[9] Suchcruciform churches were very common in theWest during theRomanesque period.[2] The ideal church plan tended to be symmetrical around a central point during theRenaissance.[10] The longer arm of the Latin cross plan is thenave, which runs on an east–west axis and traditionally containsaisles orchapels.[10][11] Thetransept crosses the nave, running north–south, and can be the same width as the nave, or extend further on both sides to create a more pronounced cross shape. The east end is theapse, which traditionally contains the choir,chancel, or presbytery.[11] Many also have anarthex at the entry.[9]

Examples of cathedrals with a Latin cross plan

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  • Old St. Peter's Basilica is a cathedral in Rome, Italy, that was consecrated in 326 AD[12]
  • Chartres Cathedral is a cathedral in Chartres, France, that was constructed between 1194 and 1220
  • Siena Cathedral is a cathedral in Siena, Italy, that was completed between 1215 and 1263
  • Cologne Cathedral is a cathedral in Cologne, Germany, that began construction in 1248, but was halted in 1590, unfinished until 1880
  • Notre-Dame is a cathedral in Paris, France, that was largely completed by 1260
  • Florence Cathedral is a cathedral in Florence, Italy, that was structurally completed in 1436

In computer systems

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For information on how to enter these symbols on your computer, seeUnicode input

Theglyph has aunicodecode point:U+271D ✝LATIN CROSS

Similar marks

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Herbert Norris,Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002), p. 128
  2. ^abCurl, James Stevens (2015)."Cross: Latin" in Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 213.ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9. Retrieved5 May 2020.
  3. ^abJoyce Mori,Crosses of Many Cultures (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 1998), p. 32
  4. ^Johns, Catherine (1 February 2013).The Jewellery Of Roman Britain: Celtic and Classical Traditions. Routledge. p. 66.ISBN 978-1-135-85111-8.
  5. ^Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane (14 May 2020).A Guide to Christian Art. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 231.ISBN 978-0-567-68514-8.
  6. ^Hryniuk, Margaret; Korvemaker, Frank (1 October 2014).Legacy of Worship: Sacred Places in Rural Saskatchewan. Coteau Books. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-55050-598-6.Latin cross and is most often found on Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican churches. The more elaborate Eastern cross includes a small horizontal bar near the top and a slanted bar near the base. It is most often seen on Orthodox churches.
  7. ^Nicholas Ridley,A Treatise on the Worship of Images, written before 1555.
  8. ^St. Peter's in the Vatican, ed. William Tronzo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 275
  9. ^abLilian H. Zirpolo,Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010), p. 314
  10. ^ab"Western architecture - Early Renaissance, Italy, 1401-95 | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2023-12-03.
  11. ^ab"Architecture of Gothic Medieval Cathedrals".people.wou.edu. Retrieved2023-12-03.
  12. ^"Roma: Caput Mundi".mediakron.bc.edu. Retrieved2023-12-02.
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