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Later Jin (Five Dynasties)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chinese dynasty (936–947)

Not to be confused withJin (Later Tang precursor), an earlier state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Not to be confused withLater Jin (1616–1636), the Jurchen-led dynasty in northeastern China and precursor to the Qing dynasty.

For other Chinese states named Jin, seeJin dynasty (disambiguation).

Jin

晉

936–947

Later Jin

Capital

Taiyuan (936)
Luoyang (937)
Kaifeng (937–947)

Common languages

Chinese

Religion

Buddhism,Daoism,Confucianism,Chinese folk religion

Government

Monarchy

Emperor

• 936–942

Shi Jingtang (Gaozu)

• 942–947

Shi Chonggui (Chudi)

Historical era

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

• Shi Jingtang proclaimed Emperor byLiao

28 November, 936

• Emperor Chu's surrender toLiao

11 January, 947

Currency

ancient Chinese coinage

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Later Tang

Later Han
Liao dynasty

Today part of

China

Jin, known as theLater Jìn (simplified Chinese:后晋;traditional Chinese:後晉;pinyin:Hòu Jìn, 936–947) or theShi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was animperial dynasty of China and the third of theFive Dynasties during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded byShi Jingtang (Emperor Gaozu) with aid from theLiao dynasty, which assumed suzerainty over the Later Jin. After Later Jin's second ruler,Shi Chonggui (Emperor Chu), fell out with the Liao dynasty, the Liao invaded in 946 and in 947, annihilated the Later Jin and annexed its former territories.

Founding the Later Jin

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The firstsinicized Shatuo state,^[1]Later Tang, was founded in 923 byLi Cunxu, son of the Shatuo chieftainLi Keyong. It extended Shatuo domains from their base inShanxi to most ofNorth China, and intoSichuan.

AfterLi Cunxu's death, his adopted son,Li Siyuan became emperor. However, the Shatuo relationship with theKhitans, which was vital to their rise to power, had soured.Shi Jingtang, the son-in-law ofLi Cunxu, rebelled against him, and with the help of the Khitan, declared himself emperor of the Later Jin in 936.

The Later Jin founderShi Jingtang claimed patrilinealHan Chinese ancestry.^[2] Noting thatShi 石 is a typical Chinese surname borne bySogdians, Barenghi (2014) traces Shi Jingtang's origin to the Anqing Shi (安慶石).Anqing was one of the three Shatuo sub-tribes whom were ofSogdian origin, besidesChuyue (處月) and formerlyTürgesh-associatedSuoge (娑葛).^[3]^[4]^[5]

In the Later Jin, there were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of theZhou dynasty,Sui dynasty, andTang dynasty.^[6] This practice was referred to as the two crownings and the three respects (二王三恪).

The Tang Imperial Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏) also included sub-lineages like the Guzang Li (姑臧李). Li Zhuanmei (李專美) descended from the Guzang Li and served the Later Jin.^[7]

Territory

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The Later Jin held essentially the same territories as theLater Tang, except for Sichuan, which had been lost by the Later Tang in its waning years and had become independent asLater Shu.

The other major exception was a region known as theSixteen Prefectures. By this time in history, the Khitan had formed the Khitan Empire out of their steppe base. They had also become a major power broker in North China. They forced the Later Jin to cede the strategic Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan. Consisting of a region about 70 to 100 miles wide and including modern-dayBeijing and points westward, it was considered a highly strategic region, and gave the Khitan even more influence in North China.

Relations with the Liao dynasty

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The Later Jin had often been described as a puppet of the emergingKhitan-ledLiao dynasty. The help of their powerful northern neighbors was vital in the establishment of the Later Jin. The cession of the Sixteen Prefectures led to their derision as being the servants of the Liao dynasty.

After the death of the dynastic founderShi Jingtang, his nephew, adopted son and successor Shi Chonggui defied the Liao, resulting in the latter invading in 946 and 947, eventually leading to the destruction of the Later Jin.

After the Liao conquest of the Later Jin, the former took the dynastic element of water, which followed from the Later Jin's dynastic element of metal, according to the Chinese theory of theFive Elements.^[8] It was also following the conquest of the Later Jin that the Liao dynasty was officially renamed "Great Liao".

List of emperors

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**Sovereigns of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, 907–960**
Temple name	Posthumous name	Personal name	Period of reign	Chinese era name and dates
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Jin dynasty 936–947
高祖Gāozǔ	Too tedious, thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jingtang石敬瑭Shí Jìngtáng	936–942	Tiānfú (天福) 936–942
Did not exist	出帝Chūdì	Shi Chonggui石重貴Shí Chóngguì	942–947	Tiānfú (天福) 942–944 Kāiyùn (開運) 944–947

Later Jin rulers family tree

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Later Jin rulers family tree

adopted

Marriage

Li Siyuan 李嗣源
Mingzong 明宗
of (Later) Tang
867–926–933

Shi Shaoyong
石紹雍

Empress Li
d. 950

Shi Jingtang
石敬瑭 892–942
Gaozu
高祖 936–942

Shi Jingru
石敬儒

Shi Chonggui
石重貴 914–974
Chudi
出帝 942–947

References

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Citations

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^Mote 1999, pp. 12–13.
^Wudai Shich. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that hispatrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figuresShi Que andShi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of theHan dynasty in early 3rd century.
^Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East". Turcologica. 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 165
^Atwood, Christopher P. (2010)."The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth".Miscellanea Asiatica (16):610–613.
^Barenghi, Maddalena (2014).Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923–936) and Later Jin (936–947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh century Sources (PhD). p. 3-4.
^Ouyang, Xiu (5 April 2004).Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. Translated by Richard L. Davis. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–.ISBN 978-0-231-50228-3.
^Ong, Chang Woei (2008).Men of Letters Within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese History, 907–1911. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 29.ISBN 978-0-674-03170-8.
^Chen, Yuan Julian (2014).""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364".Journal of Song-Yuan Studies.44 (1): 325.doi:10.1353/sys.2014.0000.S2CID 147099574.

Sources

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Mote, F. W. (1999).Imperial China: 900–1800.Harvard University Press.

v t e Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Timeline)
Five Dynasties	Later Liang Jin /Later Tang Later Jin Later Han Later Zhou
Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)	Wu Former Shu Chu Wuyue Min (Yin) Southern Han Jingnan Later Shu Southern Tang Northern Han
Other states	Qi Zhao Yan
De facto independent entities	Yiwu Circuit Dingnan Jiedushi Qingyuan Prefecture Jinghai Prefecture Wuping Prefecture [zh] Guiyi Prefecture Lulong Circuit
Neighboring states	Balhae Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom Liao dynasty Tibetan kingdoms Dali Đại Việt
Histories	Old History of the Five Dynasties Historical Records of the Five Dynasties Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms Wudai Huiyao

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