 | |
| Author | Mike Davis |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Subject | Environmental economics,economic history |
| Publisher | Verso |
Publication date | December 2000 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Hardback & paperback |
| Pages | 464 pp (hardback edition) |
| ISBN | 1-85984-739-0 (Hardback),ISBN 1-85984-382-4 (Paperback) |
| 363.8/09172/4 21 | |
| LC Class | HC79.F3 .D38 2001 |
Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a 2000 history book byMike Davis about the connection betweenpolitical economy and globalclimate patterns, particularly the impact ofcolonialism and the introduction ofcapitalism during theEl Niño–Southern Oscillation related famines of 1876–1878, 1896–1897, and 1899–1902 across multiple continents. The book's main conclusion is that the deaths of 30–60 million people killed in famines all over the world during the later part of the 19th century were caused by thelaissez-faire andMalthusianeconomic ideology of the colonial governments.
Davis characterises theIndian famines which took place under colonial rule as agenocide.[1] Some scholars, includingNiall Ferguson, have disputed this judgment, while others, includingAdam Jones, have affirmed it.[2][3]
This book explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism during theEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related famines of1876–1878,1896–1897, and1899–1902, in India, China,Brazil,Ethiopia, Korea,Vietnam, the Philippines andNew Caledonia. By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries, Davis explores the impact ofcolonialism and theintroduction ofcapitalism, and the relation withfamine in particular. Davis argues that
Millions died, not outside the 'modern world system', but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures. They died in thegolden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed, many were murdered ... by thetheological application of thesacred principles of Smith, Bentham and Mill.[1]
The book won theWorld History Association Book Prize in 2002.[4] It focuses on how colonialism and capitalism inColonial India and elsewhere increased rural poverty and hunger whileeconomic policies exacerbated famine. The book's main conclusion is that the deaths of 30–60 million people killed in famines all over the world during the later part of the 19th century were caused bylaissez-faire andMalthusian economicideology of the colonial governments. In addition to a preface and a short section on definitions, the book is broken into four parts: The Great Drought, 1876–1878; El Niño and the New Imperialism, 1888–1902; Decyphering ENSO; and The Political Ecology of Famine.[1]
Davis explicitly places his historical reconstruction of these catastrophes in the tradition inaugurated byRosa Luxemburg inThe Accumulation of Capital, where she sought to expose the dependence of the economic mechanisms of capitalist expansion on the infliction of 'permanent violence' on the South.[5]
Davis argues, for example, that "Between 1875–1900—a period that included the worst famines in Indian history—annual grain exports increased from 3 to 10 million tons", equivalent to the annual nutrition of 25m people. "Indeed, by the turn of the century, India was supplying nearly a fifth of Britain's wheat consumption at the cost of its own food security."[6] In addition,
Already saddled with a huge public debt that included reimbursing the stockholders of the East India Company and paying the costs of the 1857 revolt, India also had to finance British military supremacy in Asia. In addition to incessant proxy warfare with Russia on the Afghan frontier, the subcontinent's masses also subsidized such far-flung adventures of the Indian Army as the occupation of Egypt, the invasion of Ethiopia, and the conquest of the Sudan. As a result, military expenditures never comprised less than 25 percent (34 percent including police) of India's annual budget ...[7]
As an example of the effects of both this and of the restructuring of the local economy to suit imperial needs (in VictorianBerar, the acreage of cotton doubled 1875–1900),[8] Davis notes that "During the famine of 1899–1900, when 143,000 Beraris died directly from starvation, the province exported not only thousands of bales of cotton but an incredible 747,000 bushels of grain."[9]
This book was first published in Illustrated Hardcover edition in December 2000. It was later issued in paperback format in May 2002.[10] An extract was published inAntipode in 2000.[11]
This book won theWorld History Association Book Prize in 2002.[4] It was also featured in theLos Angeles Times Best Books of 2001 list.[12]
In his bookApocalypse Then,Nobel laureateAmartya Sen, while generally approving the historical presentation of facts, argued that Davis' conclusions were overly reductive. In response to Davis' approval ofKarl Polanyi's hypothesis that "Indian masses in the second half of the 19th century ... perished in large numbers because the Indian village community had been demolished", Sen retorts that "this is an enormous exaggeration. In exploding one myth, we have to be careful not to fall for another"; however,
it is an illustrative book of the disastrous consequences of fierce economic inequality combined with a drastic imbalance of political voice and power. The late-Victorian tragedies exemplify a wider problem of human insecurity and vulnerability ultimately related to economic disparity and political disempowerment. The relevance of this highly informative book goes well beyond its immediate historical focus.[13]