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Late Period of ancient Egypt

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Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 664 BCE–332 BCE)

Late Period of ancient Egypt

c. 664 BC–c. 332 BC

Egypt in the 6th century BC.

Capital

Sais,Mendes,Sebennytos

Common languages

Ancient Egyptian

Religion

Ancient Egyptian religion

Government

Monarchy

Pharaoh

• c. 664–610 BC

Psamtik I (first)

• 336–332 BC

Darius III (last)

History

• Began

c. 664 BC

• Ended

c. 332 BC

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

Macedonian Empire
Ptolemaic Egypt

Part ofa series on the

History ofEgypt

Prehistoric Egypt

Paleolithic	300,000–17,000 BC
Mesolithic	17,000–9000 BC
Predynastic Period	6000–3000 BC

Ancient Egypt

Early Dynastic Period	3150–2686 BC
Old Kingdom	2686–2181 BC
1st Intermediate Period	2181–2055 BC
Middle Kingdom	2055–1650 BC
2nd Intermediate Period	1650–1550 BC
New Kingdom	1550–1069 BC
3rd Intermediate Period	1069–664 BC
Late Period	664–332 BC

Greco-Roman Egypt

Argead dynasty	332–310 BC
Ptolemaic dynasties	310–30 BC
Roman and Byzantine Egypt	30 BC–641 AD
Sasanian Egypt	619–629

Medieval Egypt

Rashidun caliphate	641–661
Umayyad caliphate	661–750
Abbasid dynasty	750–935
Tulunid dynasty	868–905
Ikhshidid dynasty	935–969
Fatimid dynasty	969–1171
Ayyubid dynasty	1171–1250
Mamluk dynasty	1250–1517

Early modern Egypt

Ottoman Egypt	1517–1867
French occupation	1798–1801
Muhammad Ali dynasty	1805–1953
Khedivate of Egypt	1867–1914

Late Modern Egypt

British occupation	1882–1922
Sultanate of Egypt	1914–1922
Kingdom of Egypt	1922–1953
Republic	1953–present

Egypt portal

Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)	XXV	732–653

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty	XXXII	332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty	XXXIII	305–30

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC – 313 AD

Byzantine Egypt

Thirty-fifth Dynasty
(speculated)

XXXV

379 AD – 641 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

TheLate Period ofancient Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after theThird Intermediate Period in the26th Saite Dynasty founded byPsamtik I, but includes the time ofAchaemenid rule over Egypt after the conquest byCambyses II in 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by theNubian 25th Dynasty and beginning with a short period ofNeo-Assyrian suzerainty, with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended withthe conquests of the Achaemenid Empire byAlexander the Great and establishment of thePtolemaic dynasty by his generalPtolemy I Soter, one of theHellenistic diadochi fromMacedon innorthern Greece. With theMacedonian Greek conquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age ofHellenistic Egypt began.

History

[edit]

26th Dynasty

[edit]

Main article:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

TheTwenty-Sixth Dynasty, also known as the Saite Dynasty, after its seat of power the city ofSais, reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt underPsamtik I c. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of theSack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from theNile to theRed Sea began.

Egypt seems to have expanded into the Near East early in this period. Theyconquered the city of Ashdod around 655 BC, and a wide range of archaeological finds from throughout the Levant shows an Egyptian occupation and control in the late decades of the 7th century BC. These include various Egyptian objects from several sites, ostraca and documents showing a tribute/tax system, and evidence from the fortress of Mezad Hashavyahu.^[1]^[2] Egyptian influence reached to the Euphrates area in places such asKimuhu andQuramati. Later they were pushed back by the defeat atCarcemish, although Egyptian intervention in the Near East seems to have continued after this battle.^[3]

Amasis II followed a new policy and directed his interests toward the Greek world. He annexedCyprus during his reign.^[4] To the south,Psamtik II led a great military expedition that reached deep into upper Nubia and inflicted a heavy defeat on them.^[5] A demotic papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a small expedition into Nubia, the character of which is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian garrison at Dorginarti in lower Nubia during the Saite period.^[6]

One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was theBrooklyn Papyrus. This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims ofsnakebites based on snake type or symptoms.^[7]

Artwork during this time was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles.^[8]

27th Dynasty

[edit]

Main article:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

TheFirst Achaemenid Period (525–404 BC) began with theBattle of Pelusium, which saw Egypt (Old Persian:𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹Mudrāya) conquered by the expansiveAchaemenid Empire underCambyses, and Egypt become asatrapy. The Persians came to dominate Egypt, but Egypt remained independent until it was made a Persian province in 485 B.C., after a revolt. TheTwenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt consists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses,Xerxes I, andDarius the Great - who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the EgyptianPetubastis III (522–520 BC) (and possibly the disputedPsammetichus IV), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt ofInaros II (460–454), aided by theAthenians as part of theWars of the Delian League, aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps wereAryandes (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoh Petubastis III,Pherendates (c.496–c.486 BC),Achaemenes (c.486–459 BC) - a brother of the emperor Xerxes I, andArsames (c.454–c.406 BC).

28th–30th Dynasties

[edit]

Main articles:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt,Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt, andThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

TheTwenty-Eighth Dynasty consisted of a single king,Amyrtaeus, prince ofSais, who successfully rebelled against the Persians, inaugurating Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC.

TheTwenty-Ninth Dynasty ruled fromMendes, for the period from 398 to 380 BC. KingHakor of this dynasty was able to defeat a Persian invasion during his reign.

TheThirtieth Dynasty took their art style from theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty. A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. The first king of the dynasty,Nectanebo I, defeated aPersian invasion in 373 BC. His successorTeos subsequently led an expedition against the Achaemenid Empire in the Near East. The expedition was beginning to meet with some success and made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems. unfortunately for Teos, his brotherTjahapimu was plotting against him. Tjahapimu convinced his sonNectanebo II to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. The plan was successful and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee and the expedition disintegrated. The final ruler of this dynasty, and the final native ruler of Egypt, wasNectanebo II who was defeated in battle leading to the re-annexation by theAchaemenid Empire.

31st Dynasty

[edit]

Main article:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

TheSecond Achaemenid Period saw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh—Artaxerxes III (343–338 BC),Artaxerxes IV (338–336 BC), andDarius III (336–332 BC)—interrupted by the revolt of the non-AchaemenidKhababash (338–335 BC).

32nd Dynasty

[edit]

This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(August 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire byAlexander the Great, who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of EgyptMazaces in 332 BC. This marked the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt, with Alexander appointingCleomenes of Naucratis as its overseer (possibly with the title satrap). Cleomenes's oversight lasted until Alexander's death, which was followed after a short interval by the 33rd dynasty, generally known as thePtolemaic Kingdom.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]

^Bar, S.; Kahn, D.; Shirley, J.J. (2011).Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East). BRILL. pp. 268–285.
^Federico, Zains. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Neo-Assyrian City Wall in the Outer Town at Karkemish":901–902.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
^Shaw, Ian (2004).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 372–373.
^Hill, George (2010).A History of Cyprus, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
^Psamtik II
^Shaw, Ian (2004).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 373–374.
^Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013, p. 55.
^Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013, p. 16.

Bibliography

[edit]

Primary sources

Herodotus (Histories)
Fragments ofCtesias (Persica)
Thucydides (History of the Peloponnesian War)
Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca historica)
Fragments ofManetho (Aegyptiaca)

Secondary sources

Bleiberg, Edward; Barbash, Yekaterina; Bruno, Lisa (2013).Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt.Brooklyn Museum. p. 151.ISBN 9781907804274.
Roberto B. Gozzoli:The Writing of History in Ancient Egypt During the First Millennium BCE (ca. 1070–180 BCE). Trend and Perspectives, London 2006,ISBN 0-9550256-3-X
Lloyd, Alan B. 2000. "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw". Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 369–394
Quirke, Stephen. 1996 "Who were the Pharaohs?", New York: Dover Publications. 71–74

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v t e Provinces of theAchaemenid Empire (Behistun / Persepolis / Naqsh-e Rustam / Susa / Daeva inscriptions)
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See alsoTaxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire(according toHerodotus)

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