| Lassen Volcanic National Park | |
|---|---|
 Lake Helen in Lassen Volcanic National Park | |
  Location in California Show map of California Location in the United States Show map of the United States | |
| Location | Shasta,Lassen,Plumas, andTehama counties,California, United States |
| Nearest city | Redding andSusanville |
| Coordinates | 40°29′53″N121°25′39″W / 40.49806°N 121.42750°W /40.49806; -121.42750 |
| Area | 106,452 acres (430.80 km2)[1] |
| Established | August 9, 1916; 109 years ago (1916-08-09) |
| Visitors | 499,435 (in 2018)[2] |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | nps |
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Lassen Volcanic National Park is anational park of the United States in northeasternCalifornia. The dominant feature of the park isLassen Peak, the largestplug domevolcano in the world and the southernmost volcano in theCascade Range.[3] Lassen Volcanic National Park is one of the few areas in the world where all four types of volcanoes can be found:plug dome,shield,cinder cone, andstratovolcano.[4]
The source of heat for the volcanism in the Lassen area issubduction of theGorda plate diving below theNorth American plate off theNorthern California coast.[5] The area surrounding Lassen Peak is still active with boilingmud pots,fumaroles, andhot springs.[6]
Lassen Volcanic National Park started as two separatenational monuments designated by PresidentTheodore Roosevelt in 1907: Cinder Cone National Monument and Lassen Peak National Monument.[7] Starting in May 1914 and lasting until 1917, a series of minor to major eruptions occurred on Lassen. Because of the eruptive activity and the area's stark volcanic beauty, Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone, and the area surrounding were established as a National Park on August 9, 1916.[8]
TheAtsugewi have inhabited the area since long before white settlers first saw Lassen. They knew that the peak was full of fire and water and thought it would one day blow itself apart.[8]
European immigrants in the mid-19th century used Lassen Peak as a landmark on their trek to the fertileSacramento Valley. One of the guides to these immigrants was a Danishblacksmith namedPeter Lassen, who settled inNorthern California in the 1830s. Lassen Peak was named after him.[8]Nobles Emigrant Trail was later cut through the park area and passedCinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds.
Inconsistent newspaper accounts reported by witnesses from 1850 to 1851 described seeing "fire thrown to a terrible height" and "burning lava running down the sides" in the area of Cinder Cone.[citation needed] As late as 1859, a witness reported seeing fire in the sky from a distance, attributing it to an eruption. Earlygeologists andvolcanologists who studied the Cinder Cone concluded the last eruption occurred between 1675 and 1700. After the1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, theUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) began reassessing the potential risk of other active volcanic areas in theCascade Range. Further study of Cinder Cone estimated the last eruption occurred between 1630 and 1670. Recent tree-ring analysis has placed the date at 1666.
The Lassen area was first protected by being designated as the Lassen Peak Forest Preserve. Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone were later declared asU.S. National Monuments in May 1907 by PresidentTheodore Roosevelt.[9]
Starting in May 1914 and lasting until 1921, a series of minor to major eruptions occurred on Lassen. These events created a new crater, and releasedlava and a great deal ofash. Fortunately, because of warnings, no one was killed, but several houses along area creeks were destroyed. Because of the eruptive activity, which continued through 1917, and the area's stark volcanic beauty, Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone and the area surrounding were declared a National Park on August 9, 1916.[8]
The 29 mi (47 km) Main Park Road was constructed between 1925 and 1931, just 10 years after Lassen Peak erupted. Near Lassen Peak the road reaches 8,512 ft (2,594 m), making it the highest road in the Cascade Mountains. It is not unusual for 40 ft (12 m) of snow to accumulate on the road nearLake Helen and for patches of snow to last into July.[citation needed]
In October 1972, a portion of the park was designated as Lassen Volcanic Wilderness by theUS Congress (Public Law 92-511). The National Park Service seeks to manage the wilderness in keeping with theWilderness Act of 1964, with minimal developed facilities, signage, and trails. The management plan of 2003 adds that, "The wilderness experience offers a moderate to high degree of challenge and adventure."[10]
In 1974, theNational Park Service took the advice of theUSGS and closed the visitor center and accommodations atManzanita Lake. The Survey stated that these buildings would be in the way of a rockslide fromChaos Crags if anearthquake or eruption occurred in the area.[8] An agingseismograph station remains. However, a campground, store, andmuseum dedicated toBenjamin F. Loomis stands near Manzanita Lake, welcoming visitors who enter the park from the northwest entrance.[citation needed]
After the Mount St. Helens eruption, the USGS intensified its monitoring of active and potentially active volcanoes in the Cascade Range. Monitoring of the Lassen area includes periodic measurements ofground deformation and volcanic-gas emissions and continuous transmission of data from a local network of nine seismometers to USGS offices inMenlo Park, California.[11] Should indications of a significant increase in volcanic activity be detected, the USGS will immediately deploy scientists and specially designed portable monitoring instruments to evaluate the threat. In addition, theNational Park Service (NPS) has developed an emergency response plan that would be activated to protect the public in the event of an impending eruption.
A downhill skiing site operating in the area was closed in 1992.[12] The last remaining part was the Lassen Chalet, located near the southwest entrance, which was finally demolished in 2005.[12] The new Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center opened to the public at the same location in 2008.[13] It was so named after theMountain Maidu name for Lassen Peak.[13]
In 2021, theDixie Fire burned large portions of the National Park, becoming the largest wildfire in park history.[14] On August 5, 2021, the fire entered Lassen Volcanic National Park nearJuniper Lake and the entire park was closed for safety. The town ofMineral, including park headquarters, was forced to evacuate. Structure loss occurred at theDrakesbad Guest Ranch and at cabins near Juniper Lake. The Dixie Fire's advance northward was slowed by the 2012Reading Fire footprint, but the Dixie Fire ultimately burned 73,240 acres within the park—approximately 69% of the park's total area. 12,845 acres, or 18% of that area, burned at a severity that left the landscape unchanged. 34,450 acres, or 49% of the burned area in the park, burned at a low-to-moderate severity. The remaining 23,493 acres, or 33% of the area burned by the Dixie Fire in Lassen Volcanic National Park, burned at a high severity.[15][16]
The NPS tracks visitors to Lassen by using in-roadinductive loops at all vehicle entrances which count passing vehicles. Buses and other non-reportable vehicles are subtracted from the vehicle count, which is then multiplied by three, an estimate of the number of visitors per vehicle.[17]
| Visitation By Year[18] | |
|---|---|
| Year | Recreational visitors |
| 2000 | 374,911 |
| 2001 | 376,695 |
| 2002 | 388,149 |
| 2003 | 404,384 |
| 2004 | 379,667 |
| 2005 | 365,535 |
| 2006 | 388,741 |
| 2007 | 395,057 |
| 2008 | 377,361 |
| 2009 | 365,639 |
| 2010 | 384,570 |
| 2011 | 351,269 |
| 2012 | 407,653 |
| 2013 | 427,409 |
| 2014 | 432,977 |
| 2015 | 468,092 |
| 2016 | 536,068 |
| 2017 | 507,256 |
| 2018 | 499,435 |
| 2019 | 517,039 |
| 2020 | 542,274 |
| 2021 | 359,635 |
The park is located near the northern end of theSacramento Valley, near the cities ofRedding andSusanville. It is located in portions ofShasta,Lassen,Plumas, andTehama counties.
The western part of the park features great lava pinnacles (hugemountains created bylava flows), jagged craters, and steaming sulfur vents. It is cut by glaciatedcanyons and is dotted and threaded bylakes and rushing clearstreams.
The eastern part of the park is a vastlava plateau more than one mile (1.6 km) above sea level. Here, smallcinder cones are found (Fairfield Peak, Hat Mountain, and Crater Butte).[19] Forested withpine andfir, this area is studded with small lakes, but it boasts few streams. Warner Valley, marking the southern edge of the Lassen Plateau, features hot spring areas (Boiling Springs Lake, Devils Kitchen, and Terminal Geyser).[19] This forested, steep valley also has large meadows that havewildflowers in spring.
Lassen Peak is made ofdacite,[20] anigneous rock, and is one of the world's largestplug dome volcanoes. It is also the southernmost non-extinct volcano of theCascade Range (specifically, theShasta Cascade part of the range). The 10,457 ft (3,187 m) tall volcano sits on the north-east flank of the remains ofMount Tehama, astratovolcano that was a thousand feet (305 m) higher than Lassen and 11 to 15 mi (18 to 24 km) wide at its base.[8] After emptying its throat and partially doing the same to itsmagma chamber in a series of eruptions, Tehama either collapsed into itself and formed a two-mile (3.2 km) widecaldera in the latePleistocene or was simply eroded away with the help ofacidic vapors that loosened and broke the rock, which was later carried away by glaciers.
Sulphur Works is a geothermal area in between Lassen Peak and Brokeoff Mountain that is thought to mark an area near the center of Tehama's now-gone cone. Other geothermal areas in the caldera are Little Hot Springs Valley, Diamond Point (an old lava conduit), and Bumpass Hell (seeGeothermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park).
The magma that fuels the volcanoes in the park is derived fromsubduction off the coast of Northern California.Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds, located about 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Lassen Peak, is a cinder cone volcano and associated lava flow field that last erupted about 1650. It created a series ofbasaltic andesite toandesite lava flows known as the Fantastic Lava Beds.
There are fourshield volcanoes in the park;Mount Harkness (southwest corner of the park),Red Mountain (at south-central boundary),Prospect Peak (in northeast corner), andRaker Peak (north of Lassen Peak). All of these volcanoes are 7,000–8,400 feet (2,133–2,560 m) abovesea level and each is topped by a cinder cone volcano.
Duringice ages,glaciers have modified and helped toerode the older volcanoes in the park. The center ofsnow accumulation and thereforeice radiation was Lassen Peak, Red Mountain, and Raker Peak. These volcanoes thus show more glacial scarring than other volcanoes in the park.
Despite not having any glaciers currently, Lassen Peak does have 14 permanent snowfields.[21]
The park is accessible via State Routes89 and44. SR 89 passes north–south through the park, beginning atSR 36 to the south and ending at SR 44 to the north. SR 89 passes immediately adjacent to the base of Lassen Peak. There are five vehicle entrances to the park: the north and south entrances on SR 89; and unpaved roads entering atDrakesbad andJuniper Lake in the south, and atButte Lake in the northeast. The park can also be accessed by trails leading in from theCaribou Wilderness to the east, as well as thePacific Crest Trail, and two smaller trails leading in from Willow Lake and Little Willow Lake to the south.
The segment of SR 89 through the park is typically closed during the winter due to very heavy snowfall and snowpack.[22][23]
According to theKöppen climate classification system, Lassen Volcanic National Park has a Mediterranean-influenced warm-summerHumid continental climate (Dsb). According to theUnited States Department of Agriculture, the PlantHardiness zone at Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center at 6,736 ft (2,053 m) elevation is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of −0.2 °F (−17.9 °C).[24]
Since the entire park is located at medium to highelevations, the park generally has cool-cold winters and warm summers below 7,500 ft (2,286 m). Above this elevation, the climate is harsh and cold, with cool summer temperatures.Precipitation within the park is high to very high due to a lack of a rain shadow from theCoast Ranges. The park gets more precipitation than anywhere else in the Cascades south of theThree Sisters. Snowfall at the new visitor center near the southwest entrance at 6,700 ft (2,040 m) is around 430 in (1,090 cm) despite facing east. Up aroundLake Helen, at 8,200 ft (2,499 m) the snowfall is around 600–700 in (1,520–1,780 cm), making it probably the snowiest place in California. In addition, Lake Helen gets more average snow accumulation than any other recording station located near a volcano in the Cascade range, with a maximum of 178 in (450 cm).[25] Snowbanks persist year-round.
| Climate data for Manzanita Lake, California, elevation: 5,863 ft (1,787 m) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) | 68 (20) | 71 (22) | 78 (26) | 88 (31) | 94 (34) | 97 (36) | 96 (36) | 96 (36) | 88 (31) | 78 (26) | 68 (20) | 97 (36) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 41.1 (5.1) | 41.8 (5.4) | 46.0 (7.8) | 50.2 (10.1) | 60.7 (15.9) | 69.5 (20.8) | 78.8 (26.0) | 78.3 (25.7) | 72.4 (22.4) | 58.7 (14.8) | 47.1 (8.4) | 39.5 (4.2) | 57.0 (13.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.5 (−0.3) | 31.8 (−0.1) | 35.1 (1.7) | 38.8 (3.8) | 47.9 (8.8) | 55.3 (12.9) | 62.6 (17.0) | 61.6 (16.4) | 56.5 (13.6) | 46.0 (7.8) | 36.6 (2.6) | 30.6 (−0.8) | 44.5 (6.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 21.8 (−5.7) | 21.7 (−5.7) | 24.3 (−4.3) | 27.5 (−2.5) | 35.1 (1.7) | 41.0 (5.0) | 46.4 (8.0) | 44.9 (7.2) | 40.6 (4.8) | 33.4 (0.8) | 26.2 (−3.2) | 21.7 (−5.7) | 32.0 (0.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −13 (−25) | −11 (−24) | −7 (−22) | −2 (−19) | 11 (−12) | 19 (−7) | 26 (−3) | 28 (−2) | 19 (−7) | 10 (−12) | 2 (−17) | −13 (−25) | −13 (−25) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 6.50 (165) | 5.51 (140) | 6.43 (163) | 4.30 (109) | 2.90 (74) | 1.32 (34) | 0.34 (8.6) | 0.29 (7.4) | 0.65 (17) | 2.70 (69) | 4.68 (119) | 6.49 (165) | 42.11 (1,070) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 33.1 (84) | 34.9 (89) | 33.9 (86) | 20.8 (53) | 6.3 (16) | 0.8 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 3.9 (9.9) | 11.8 (30) | 31.7 (81) | 177.3 (450) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 12.9 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 12.7 | 94.3 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 9.4 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 5.4 | 8.9 | 51.1 |
| Source:NOAA (precipitation days, snowfall, snow days 1981–2010)[26][27][28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center, elevation: 6,867 ft (2,093 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 38.4 (3.6) | 39.9 (4.4) | 43.6 (6.4) | 50.8 (10.4) | 58.5 (14.7) | 67.5 (19.7) | 74.8 (23.8) | 74.4 (23.6) | 68.2 (20.1) | 57.0 (13.9) | 44.4 (6.9) | 37.3 (2.9) | 54.6 (12.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.0 (−1.1) | 30.6 (−0.8) | 33.6 (0.9) | 38.9 (3.8) | 46.3 (7.9) | 53.9 (12.2) | 61.5 (16.4) | 60.4 (15.8) | 55.5 (13.1) | 45.5 (7.5) | 35.2 (1.8) | 29.6 (−1.3) | 43.5 (6.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 21.7 (−5.7) | 21.4 (−5.9) | 23.5 (−4.7) | 27.0 (−2.8) | 34.1 (1.2) | 40.2 (4.6) | 48.1 (8.9) | 46.3 (7.9) | 42.7 (5.9) | 34.0 (1.1) | 26.0 (−3.3) | 21.9 (−5.6) | 32.3 (0.2) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 16.19 (411) | 12.94 (329) | 13.60 (345) | 7.99 (203) | 5.37 (136) | 2.93 (74) | 0.71 (18) | 0.98 (25) | 2.24 (57) | 6.49 (165) | 14.52 (369) | 17.83 (453) | 101.79 (2,585) |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 69.4 | 68.3 | 64.2 | 61.3 | 53.2 | 45.8 | 37.9 | 33.6 | 34.6 | 49.7 | 66.1 | 70.0 | 54.4 |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group[29] | |||||||||||||
According to theA. W. Kuchler U.S.Potential natural vegetation Types, Lassen Volcanic National Park has a red fir,Abies magnifica (7) potential vegetation type with a CaliforniaConifer Forest (2) potential vegetation form.[30]
Lying at the northern end of theSierra Nevada forests ecoregion, Lassen Volcanic National Park preserves a landscape nearly as it existed before Euro-American settlement: its 27,130 acres (10,980 ha) ofold growth include all of its major forest types.[31][32]
At elevations below 6,500 feet the dominant vegetation community is the mixed conifer forest.ponderosa andJeffrey pines,sugar pine, andwhite fir form the forest canopy for this rich community that also includes species ofmanzanita,gooseberry, andCeanothus. Common wildflowers includeiris,spotted coralroot,pyrola,violets, andlupin.[33]
Above the mixed-conifer forest is the major community of thered fir forest. Between elevations of 6,500 and 8,000 feet, red fir,western white pine,mountain hemlock, andlodgepole pine dominate a community less diverse than the mixed-conifer forest. Common plants includesatin lupine,woolly mule's-ears andpinemat manzanita.[33]
Subalpine areas include the upper limit for the growth of standing trees. From 8,000 feet to treeline, plants are fewer in overall number with exposed patches of bare ground providing a harsh environment.Rock spirea,lupin,Indian paintbrush, andpenstemon are a few of the rugged members of this community. Trees in this community includewhitebark pine and mountain hemlock.[33]
Species that are typically found in these forested areas areblack bear,red fox,mule deer,marten,cougar,brown creeper, a variety ofchipmunk species,raccoon,mountain chickadee,pika, a variety ofsquirrel species,white-headed woodpecker,coyote,bobcat,weasel, a variety ofmouse species,long-toed salamander,skunk, and a wide variety ofbat species.[34] Areas such asReflection Lake attract waterfowl, including Canada geese, great blue heron, snowy egret, and kingfisher.[35]
Lassen Volcanic Park is home to theSierra Nevada red fox in particular, one of the rarest mammals in California. 20 individuals have been identified in the park, making it the largest known Sierra Nevada red fox population.[36]
Arepopulation of wolves in California began in late December 2011. Anorthwestern wolf pack originally fromOregon known as theLassen Pack inhabits the forest surrounding this national park. Other residential California wolves are theBeckwourth andWhaleback packs.[37] TheShasta pack, which formerly was in the forest near this park, no longer appears to be extant.[38] In 2024, a pack consisting of a breeding pair and at least one offspring was reported within Lassen Volcanic Park by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The pack was likely formed by dispersing members from the Lassen Pack, which lives within Lassen County outside of the national park, and marks the first modern presence of wolves within the park itself.[39]
In theCenozoic, uplifting and westward tilting of theSierra Nevada along with extensive volcanism generated hugelahars (volcanic-derived mud flows) in thePliocene which became theTuscan Formation. This formation is not exposed anywhere in the national park but it is just below the surface in many areas.
Also in the Pliocene,basaltic flows erupted from vents and fissures in the southern part of the park. These and later flows covered increasingly large areas and built alava plateau. In the later Pliocene and into thePleistocene, these basaltic flows were covered by successive thick and fluid flows ofandesite lava, which geologists call the Juniper lavas and the Twin Lakes lavas. The Twin Lakes lava is black,porphyritic and has abundantxenocrysts ofquartz (seeCinder Cone).
Another group of andesite lava flows called the Flatiron, erupted during this time and covered the southwestern part of the park's area. The park by this time was a relatively featureless and large lava plain. Subsequently, the Eastern basalt flows erupted along the eastern boundary of what is now the park, forming low hills that were latereroded into rugged terrain.
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Pyroclastic eruptions then started to piletephra into cones in the northern area of the park.
Mount Tehama (also known as Brokeoff Volcano) rose as astratovolcano in the southwestern corner of the park during thePleistocene. It was made of roughly alternating layers of andesitic lavas andtephra (volcanic ash,breccia, andpumice) with increasing amounts of tephra with elevation. At its height, Tehama was probably about 11,000 ft (3,400 m) high.
Approximately 350,000 years ago its cone collapsed into itself and formed a two-mile (3.2 km) widecaldera after it emptied its throat and partially did the same to itsmagma chamber in a series of eruptions. One of these eruptions occurred whereLassen Peak now stands, and consisted of fluid, black, glassydacite, which formed a layer 1,500 ft (460 m) thick (outcroppings of which can be seen as columnar rock at Lassen's base).
During glacial periods (ice ages) of the presentWisconsinan glaciation, glaciers have modified and helped to erode the older volcanoes in the park, including the remains of Tehama. Many of these glacial features, deposits and scars, however, have been covered up by tephra and avalanches, or were destroyed by eruptions.
Roughly 27,000 years ago (older data gave an age of 18,000 years), Lassen Peak started to form as adacitelava dome quickly pushed its way through Tehama's former north-eastern flank. As the lava dome pushed its way up, it shattered overlaying rock, which formed a blanket of talus around the emerging volcano. Lassen rose and reached its present height in a relatively short time, probably in as little as a few years. Lassen Peak has also been partially eroded by Ice Age glaciers, at least one of which extended as much as 7 mi (11 km) from the volcano itself.
Since then, smaller dacite domes formed around Lassen. The largest of these,Chaos Crags, is just north of Lassen Peak.Phreatic (steam explosion) eruptions,dacite andandesite lava flows andcinder cone formation have persisted into modern times.
There are active hot springs and mud pots in the Lassen area. Some of these springs are the site of occurrence of certainextremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.[40]
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