The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the FrenchpolymathConstantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[1][2] Historically, Laridae were restricted to thegulls, while theterns were placed in a separate family, Sternidae, and theskimmers in a third family,Rynchopidae.[3] Thenoddies were traditionally included in Sternidae. In 1990 Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist includedauks andskuas in a broader family Laridae.[4]
Amolecular phylogenetic study by Baker and colleagues published in 2007 found that the noddies in the genusAnous formed asister group to aclade containing the gulls, skimmers, and the other terns.[5] To create amonophyletic family group, Laridae was expanded to include the genera that had previously been in Sternidae and Rynchopidae.[6][7]
Baker and colleagues found that the Laridae lineage diverged from a lineage that gave rise to both the skuas (Stercorariidae) and auks (Alcidae) before the end of theCretaceous in the age of dinosaurs. They also found that the Laridae themselves began expanding in the earlyPaleocene, around 60 million years ago.[5] The German palaeontologistGerald Mayr has questioned the validity of these early dates and suggested that inappropriate fossils were used in calibrating the molecular data. The earliest charadriiform fossils date only from the lateEocene, around 35 million years ago.[8]
Anders Ödeen and colleagues investigated the development ofultraviolet vision in shorebirds, by looking for theSWS1 opsin gene in various species; as gulls were the only shorebirds known to have developed the trait. They discovered that the gene was present in the gull, skimmer, and noddy lineages but not the tern lineage. They also recovered the noddies as an early lineage, though the evidence was not strong.[9]
The Laridae have spread around the world, and their adaptability has likely been a factor. Most have become much more aerial than their ancestor, which was likely some form of shorebird.[10]
^Bock, Walter J. (1994).History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 138, 252.hdl:2246/830.
^Mayr, Gerald (2011). "The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) – reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.161 (4):916–934.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00654.x.
