TheAncient Diocese of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flatPicardy plain,[3] has always held strategic importance. In the time ofJulius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where theRemis (inhabitants of the country roundReims) had to meet the onset of the confederatedBelgae.[4] Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of theFranks,Burgundians,Vandals,Alans andHuns.[5] At that time it was known asAlaudanum orLugdunum Clavatum.
ArchbishopRemigius ofReims, who baptisedClovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted thebishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed.Charles the Bald had enriched his church with the gift of very numerous domains.[5] In about 847 the Irish philosopherJohn Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon.[6]
Laon was the principal city of the late Carolingian kings of France, beginning withLouis IV. After the fall of theCarolingians, Laon took the part ofCharles of Lorraine, their heir, andHugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.[5]
Early in the twelfth century thecommunes of France set about emancipating themselves, and the history of the commune of Laon is one of the richest and most varied.Anselm of Laon's school for theology and exegesis rapidly became the most famous in Europe. The citizens had profited by a temporary absence ofBishop Gaudry to secure from his representatives a communal charter, but he, on his return, purchased from theking of France the revocation of this document, and recommenced his oppressions. The consequence was a revolt, in which the episcopal palace was burnt and the bishop and several of his partisans wereput to death on 25 April 1112. The fire spread toLaon Cathedral, and reduced it to ashes. Uneasy at the result of their victory, the rioters went into hiding outside the town, which was anew pillaged by the people of the neighbourhood, eager to avenge the death of their bishop.[5]
Thereafter, French monarchs intervened as needed to settle disputes between the bishop and the townspeople until 1331, when the commune was abolished. In the latter stages of the 1337–1453Hundred Years' War, Laon was captured byPhilip, Duke of Burgundy; he relinquished control to his English allies, who held it until 1429 when it fell toCharles VII of France.[7] TheCatholic League used the town as a base during theFrench Wars of Religion; it was retaken by the formerHuguenotHenry IV in August 1594.[8]
In 1870, during theFranco-Prussian War, an engineer blew up the powder magazine of the citadel at the moment when the German troops were entering the town. Many people died; and the cathedral and the old episcopal palace were damaged.[5] It surrendered to a German force on 9 September 1870.[9]
In the fall of 1914, duringWorld War I, German forces captured the town and held it until the Allied offensive in the summer of 1918.[9]
Cathedral ofNotre-Dame of LaonGate of Bouvelle Court, Rue Serurier, Laon (France)Rue ChâtelaineThe former funicular, view from the upper town.
The city contains numerousmedieval buildings, including thecathedralNotre-Dame of Laon, dating mostly from the 12th and 13th centuries. Thechapter-house and thecloister contain specimens of early 13th-century architecture. The old episcopalpalace, contiguous to the cathedral, is now used as a court-house. The front, flanked by turrets, is pierced by large pointed windows. There is also a Gothic cloister and an old chapel of two storeys, of a date earlier than the cathedral.[5]
Thechurch of St Martin dates from the middle of the 12th century. The oldabbey buildings of the same foundation are now used as the hospital. The museum of Laon had collections of sculpture and painting. In its garden there is a chapel of theTemplars belonging to the 12th century.[5]
One of the oldest churches in the city is St John the Baptist, in the nearby neighbourhood of Vaux-sous-Laon, which dates from the 11th through 13th centuries and is built in a mixture of Romanesque and Gothic styles.
Until August 2016, the town had the only fully automated municipalcable car system in the world, called thePoma 2000. It linked the upper town (the historical centre, located on a plateau) with the lower town, had three stations and ran on rubber tyres. In contrast, theSan Francisco cable car system is manually operated, and most other automated cable car systems have restricted operations within airports and hospitals, though another automated cable car called theMinimetrò may be found in the city ofPerugia in Italy.
The town's transport company TUL (Transports Urbains Laonnois)[13] operates the local bus routes.[14]
.svg)
.jpg)
