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Lanong were largeoutrigger warships used by theIranun and theBanguingui people of thePhilippines. They could reach up to 30 m (98 ft) in length and had two bipedshear masts which doubled as boarding ladders. They also had one to three banks of oars rowed bygalley slaves. They were specialized for naval battles. They were prominently used forpiracy andslave raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia. The namelanong is derived fromLanun,[note 1] anexonym of the Iranun people.[1][2]
Like thekarakoa, largelanong were also known by the Spanish asjoanga orjuanga (Spanish for "junk"), a name which was also applied to other large ships in Southeast Asia.[3]
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Lanong can reach up to 30 m (98 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) wide amidships. They were crewed by up to 150 to 200 men, led by apanglima (commander). Unlike the similarkarakoa, thelanong were heavily armed specifically for naval battles. The prow jutted past the keel into abeakhead that also mounted a long gun (lela) and several swivel guns (lantaka).[1][2]
Lanong had two bipedshear masts which were composed of two spars lashed together at the top, in contrast to the more common tripod masts used in other maritime Southeast Asian native ships. They were rigged withtanja sails. Their bases can partially revolve, which allowed them to be raised or lowered as needed. They are frequently used as ladders for boarding enemy vessels or for disembarking the crew on shores.[1][2][4]
A triangular banner with the standard of thepanglima was flown from the stern. Like inkarakoa,lanong had decks above the rowers and on both sides of the outriggers for accommodating warriors and for fighting. These platforms were defended by rows of fixed shields. Rowers (who were allgalley slaves) were all housed inside the main hull, with none stationed on the outriggers. The oars were arranged into one to three banks on each side, one on top of the other.[1][2]
Like thegaray andpenjajap,lanong usually served as motherships to smallersalisipan war-canoes.[3]
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Lanong could sail long distances and attacked ships as far as theStraits of Malacca andJava. Theybecame notorious from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century for the raids and piracy (magooray) in most of Southeast Asia. This was spurred by the rising demand for slave labor in theDutch East Indies as well as growing enmity between theMoro Sultanates and the European colonial powers. Each year, Dutch, Spanish, and English colonies in the region were warned of the "pirate wind", from August to September, when the Iranun and Banguingui ships would traditionally start raiding. From 1774 to 1794, it is estimated that around 100 to 200 ships were launched annually from the Sulu Sea to raid the surrounding areas. The raids were either mounted independently or under the orders of theSultanate of Sulu and theSultanate of Maguindanao, whom the Iranun and Banguingui were subjects of.[2][5][6]
Unlike the captives of traditional raiders in the rest of the Philippines (who were treated asbondsmen, rather thantrue slaves), male captives of the Iranun and the Banguingui were treated brutally, even fellow Muslim captives were not spared. Female captives, however, were usually treated better. There were no recorded accounts of rapes, though some were starved for discipline. Rowers inlanong were composed entirely of previously captured male slaves, and it was not uncommon for rowers to die during long cruises due to exhaustion. Most of the slaves wereTagalogs, Visayans, and "Malays" (includingBugis,Mandarese,Iban, andMakassar). There were also occasional European andChinese captives who were usually ransomed off throughTausug intermediaries of the Sulu Sultanate. Numerous accounts were recorded during this period from escaped slaves. It is estimated that in between 1770 and 1870, around 200,000 to 300,000 people were enslaved by the raiders. By 1850, as much as 50% of the population of the Sultanates in theSulu archipelago were slaves. The sheer scale of the raids led to the disruption and cessation of traditional trade routes in the Sulu Sea. Notably, the traditional trade with China and the Sultanates of the Sulu Sea stopped. This contributed to the 19th-century economic decline of the Sultanates ofBrunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao, eventually leading to the collapse of the latter two states.[2][5][6]
Spanish authorities and native Christian Filipinos responded to the Moro slave raids by building watchtowers and forts across the Philippine archipelago. Many of which are still standing today. Some provincial capitals were also moved further inland. Major command posts were built inManila,Cavite,Cebu,Iloilo,Zamboanga, andIligan. Defending ships were also built by local communities, especially in theVisayas Islands, including the construction of war "barangayanes" (balangay) that were faster than the Moro raiders and could give chase. As resistance against raiders increased,lanong were eventually replaced by the smaller and fastergaray (which did not haveoutriggers) in the early 19th century. The Moro raids were eventually subdued by several major naval expeditions by the Spanish and local forces from 1848 to 1891, including retaliatory bombardment and capture of Moro settlements. By this time, the Spanish had also acquiredsteam gunboats (vapor),[note 2] which could easily overtake and destroy the native Moro warships.[2][6][7]
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