| Languages of Senegal | |
|---|---|
 French in use on an official sign inAgnam-Goly | |
| Official | French |
| National | Wolof,Balanta-Ganja,Jola-Fonyi,Mandinka,Mandjak,Mankanya,Noon,Pulaar,Serer,Soninke |
| Vernacular | Wolof |
| Minority | Bambara,Bandial,Bapeng,Bassari,Bayot,Bedik,Dyula,Gusilay,Jola-Felupe,Karon,Kasa,Kassonke,Kobiana,Laalaa,Maninka,Ndut,Palor,Safen |
| Foreign | English,Arabic,Creole |
| Signed | Francophone African Sign Language |
| Keyboard layout | |
| Languages | percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolof | 53.5% | |||
| Pulaar | 26.3% | |||
| Serer | 9.6% | |||
| Joola | 2.8% | |||
| Mandinka | 2.8% | |||
| French | 0.6% | |||
| Balanta | 0.4% | |||
| Mandjak | 0.4% | |||
| Signed languages | 0.3% | |||
| Note: These numbers represent respondents'single most used language, not all languages they know. | ||||
Senegal is a multilingual country:Ethnologue lists 36 languages.French is the official language of Senegal, though it is uncommon as a first language. The Senegalese constitution explicitly lists six African languages as "national languages", and 25 are officially recognized by the government.[2]: 243 [3]: 10 Wolof is by far the most widely used language (53.5% of Senegalese people use it as their primary language), followed byPulaar and French, each used by around 26% of the population.[1]: I.IX [4]: 32
French is the only official language of Senegal, though it is only spoken by 26% of the total population.[4]: 32 Less than 1% of the population report using French as their main language of communication.[1]: I.57-58
The French language took on an important role in Senegal during theFrench colonization of West Africa as a junction betweenEuropean France and its colonies in West Africa. The expansive colony ofFrench West Africa was founded in 1895, with its capital in Senegal. African residents of French West Africa were only eligible for French citizenship if they lived in one of the four major cities of Senegal (theFour Communes)and if they adopted the French language and culture. Thus, Senegal developed a small elite class of French-speaking Senegalese.[5]
After independence, the firstPresident of Senegal,Léopold Sédar Senghor, maintained close ties with France.[5] French was chosen as the official language in part to strengthen the bonds with other newly-independent Francophone African countries and the worldwide community, where French held more sway than the African languages did.[2]: 244–245, 249
Some of the local political elite pushed for the use and promotion of African languages instead of French, especially the most broadly spoken language in Senegal,Wolof. Despite this, the firstConstitution of Senegal formally recognized French as the official language within Article 1.[2]: 244–245 Some African languages would eventually be given a constitutional position as "national languages" beginning in 1978, but this has always represented a secondary position to French.[3]: 10
Senegal is a member state of theOrganisation internationale de la Francophonie.[6] Former Senegalese presidentAbdou Diouf headed the OIF after his time as president.[7]
The Senegalese constitution mandates that all candidates for the presidency of Senegal must be fluent in French. As of 2024[update], education, written media, and TV are predominantly in French, though radio programs generally use Wolof.[2]: 250–254
The termnational languages (French:langues nationales) refers to aconstitutionally-specified class of languages. In the 1978 constitution, six languages were granted this status:Diola (or Joola/Jola),Mandinka,Pulaar,Serer,Soninke, andWolof.[3]: 10
A 2001 change to the constitution expanded this status to cover these six languages, plus other indigenous languages that had been "codified". Languages are considered codified if their ethnolinguistic communities meet certain criteria for the language's use and the language has been adequately documented, including an officialorthography for the language. As of 2023[update], 25 indigenous languages have been recognized by Senegal's Directorate of Literacy and National Languages, and 22 of them have been codified.[3]: 10
One analysis of Senegalese language use lists the 25 recognized languages, but does not specify which three of them are not yet codified: Wolof, Pulaar, Séréer, Joola, Malinke, Soninke, Noon, Balant, Oniyan, Mankaañ, Ndut, Mënik, Manjaku, Paloor, Woomey, Bayot, Kanjad, Saaf-saafi, Laalaa, Jalunga, Guñuun, Hasanya, Turka, Susu, Papel.[2]: 243, 250
Despite the official recognition, the national languages are not official governmental languages, and the legal meaning of the category is vague. The lack of support for these national languages compared to French, the sole official language of Senegal, has led critics to complain that the term represents little more thantoken recognition of the languages.[3]: 10, 17 [8]
In 2015, the Senegalese ministry of education adopted a policy forbilingual education based on these national languages, which was supported by the creation of a new position within the government focused on education and training via the national languages in 2020. The implementation of a bilingual education system was beginning as of 2023[update].[3]: 210–215 Adult literacy programs using the national languages have been undertaken since the early 1990s.[9]: 270
Wolof is thelingua franca and the most widely spoken language in Senegal. A 2017 study estimated that 90% of Senegalese speak Wolof, with 39% speaking it as theirfirst language.[2]: 243–244 Wolof is especially prominent in the capital, Dakar, with an estimated 95% of the population speaking it.[9]: 272 Wolof is a member of the proposedNiger–Congo language family, and is considered part of theAtlantic branch within the family. It shares this branch with 50-60 other languages that extend south along the African coast toGuinea. Many other national languages of Senegal are also Atlantic languages, including Pulaar and Sereer, the second- and third-most widely spoken languages in Senegal.[10]: 19–20, 33
Wolof's role as a language is outsized compared to the Wolof population of Senegal (around 40%), and has led some other Senegalese ethnic groups to worry about "Wolofization" of the country at the cost of other cultures and languages. For example, whenAbdoulaye Wade was elected president in 2000, he proposed that public servants be required to speak Wolof. This proposal was opposed by speakers of the other national languages, especially Pulaar, and was never implemented.[11]
At the same time, some scholars have asked whether Wolof's expansion has not only endangered other languages, but also its own traditional structures. The rapid spread of Wolof may be leading it to hybridize with other languages in ways that simplify its traditional vocabulary andgrammatical structures.[12][13]: 6
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Pulaar is the second most-used language in Senegal.[1]: I.57-58 It is part of theFula languagedialect continuum, which stretches throughout West Africa.[14]: 156
Mande languages spoken includeSoninke, andMandinka, spoken in theCasamance region of southern Senegal.[15]: 154 Diola (Jola) is also a major language in theCasamance region.[16]: 191
A dialect ofGuinea-Bissau Creole calledCasamance Creole, is also common in Casamance. It is a mixture ofPortuguese and other local languages, influenced both by historical Portuguese colonization in Casamance as part ofPortuguese Guinea, and ongoing connections with modernGuinea-Bissau, where the Creole is the most widely spoken language. In 2008 Senegal, was admitted as Associate Observer in theCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).[17]
Education for the deaf in Senegal primarily uses a signed language based onAmerican Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionaryAndrew Foster.[18]Mbour Sign Language, avillage sign language independent of ASL, is also used in the town ofM'Bour.[19]: 421 Arabic and English are also present in Senegal, as they are major languages in Senegal's neighbors.[1]
French is the only official language of education in the Senegalese system, for 96% of public education, and 90% of private education.[4]
English is taught as a subject insecondary school across the country.[20][21]
O Senegal recebeu essa mesma categoria durante o XIII Conselho de Ministros, em Julho de 2008, em Lisboa.[Senegal received this same distinction [Associate Observer] during the 13th Council of Ministers meeting in Lisbon in July 2008.]
