| Part ofa series on the |
| Culture of Mexico |
|---|
 |
| Society |
| Topics |
| Symbols |
TheConstitution of Mexico does not declare an official language; however,Spanish is thede facto national language spoken by over 90% of the population although English is spoken by 5% also.[1] making it the largestSpanish speaking country in the world. Due to the cultural influence of theUnited States,American English is widely understood, especially in border states and tourist regions, with a hybridization ofSpanglish spoken.[2][3] The government recognizes 63 indigenous languages spoken in their communities out of respect, includingNahuatl,Mayan,Mixtec, etc.
The Mexican government uses solely Spanish for official and legislative purposes, but it has yet to declare it the national language mostly out of respect to the indigenous communities that still exist. Most indigenous languages are endangered, with some languages expected to become extinct within years or decades, and others simply having populations that grow slower than the national average. According to theCommission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (CDI) andNational Institute of Indigenous Languages (INALI), while 9% of the population identifies as belonging to an indigenous group, around 5–6% speak an indigenous language.
From the arrival of the first Franciscan missionaries, Spanish, Latin, and indigenous languages played parts in the evangelization of Mexico. Many 16th-century churchmen studied indigenous languages in order to instruct native peoples in Christian doctrine. The same men also found Castilian andLatin appropriate in certain contexts. All told, there existed a kind of "linguistic coexistence" from the beginning of the colonial period.[4]
Some monks and priests attempted to describe and classify indigenous languages with Spanish. In 1570,Philip II of Spain madeNahuatl an official language of the colonies ofNew Spain to facilitate communication between the natives of the colonies.[5]
In 1696, the government ofCharles II reversed that policy and banned the use of any languages other than Spanish throughout New Spain.[5] Beginning in the 18th century, decrees ordering the Hispanization of indigenous populations became more numerous and Spanish colonizers no longer learned the indigenous languages.
Afterindependence the government initiated an educational system with the primary aim of Hispanization of the native populations. This policy was based on the idea that this would help the indigenous peoples become a more integrated part of the new Mexican nation.[6][7]
Except for theSecond Mexican Empire, led by theHabsburgMaximilian I, no Mexican government tried to prevent the loss of indigenous languages during the 19th century.[6]
The1895 census records some 16% of the populace spoke various indigenous languages "habitually," while 0.17% spoke foreign languages. The rest, 83.71%, spoke primarily Spanish.[8]
For most of the 20th century successive governments denied native tongues the status of valid languages. Indigenous students were forbidden to speak their native languages in school and were often punished for doing so.[6][7][9][10][11][12]
In 2002, Mexico's constitution was amended to reinforce Mexico'spluricultural nature, by giving the State the obligation to protect and nurture the expressions of this diversity. In June 1999, the Council of Writers in Indigenous Languages presented Congress with a document entitled "Suggested legal initiatives towards linguistic rights of indigenous peoples and communities", with the goal of beginning to protect the linguistic rights of indigenous communities.LaLey General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas was passed in March 2003, establishing a framework for the conservation, nurturing and development of indigenous languages. Critics claim that the law's complexity makes enforcement difficult.[13][14][15][16][17]
Spanish is thede facto national language spoken by the vast majority of Mexicans, though it is not defined as an official language in legislation. The second article of the1917 Constitution defines the country as multicultural, recognizes the right of theindigenous peoples to "preserve and enrich their languages" and promotes "bilingual and intercultural education".
In 2003, theMexican Congress approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples (Spanish:Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos), which is a law that recognizes that Mexico's history makes its indigenous languages "national languages".[18] They "have the same validity [as Spanish] in their territory, location and context". At the same time, legislators made no specific provisions for the official or legal status of the Spanish language. This law means that indigenous peoples can use their native language in communicating with government officials and request official documents in that language. The Mexican state supports the preservation and promotion of the use of the national languages through the activities of theNational Institute of Indigenous Languages.[18][19][20]
Mexico has about six million citizens who speak indigenous languages. That is the second-largest group in theAmericas afterPeru. However, a relatively small percentage of Mexico's population speaks an indigenous language compared to other countries in the Americas, such asGuatemala (42.8%), Peru (35%), and evenEcuador (9.4%),Panama (8.3%),[21]Paraguay andBolivia.
The only indigenous language spoken by more than a million people in Mexico is theNahuatl language. The other Native American languages with a large population of native speakers, at least 400,000 speakers, includeYucatec Maya,Tzeltal Maya,Tzotzil Maya,Mixtec, andZapotec.
| Language | Speakers |
|---|---|
| Nahuatl (Nahuatl, Nahuat, Nahual, Macehualtlahtol, Melatahtol) | 1,651,958 |
| Yucatec Maya (Maaya t'aan) | 774,755 |
| Tzeltal Maya (K'op o winik atel) | 589,144 |
| Tzotzil Maya (Batsil k'op) | 550,274 |
| Mixtec (Tu'un sávi) | 526,593 |
| Zapotec (Diidxaza) | 490,845 |
| Otomí (Hñä hñü) | 298,861 |
| Totonac (Tachihuiin) | 256,344 |
| Ch'ol (Mayan) (Winik) | 254,715 |
| Mazatec (Ha shuta enima) | 237,212 |
| Huastec (Téenek) | 168,729 |
| Mazahua (Jñatho) | 153,797 |
| Tlapanec (Me'phaa) | 147,432 |
| Chinantec (Tsa jujmí) | 144,394 |
| Purépecha (P'urhépecha) | 142,459 |
| Mixe (Ayüük) | 139,760 |
| Tarahumara (Rarámuri) | 91,554 |
| Zoque | 74,018 |
| Tojolab'al (Tojolwinik otik) | 66,953 |
| Chontal de Tabasco (Yokot t'an) | 60,563 |
| Huichol (Wixárika) | 60,263 |
| Amuzgo (Tzañcue) | 59,884 |
| Chatino (Cha'cña) | 52,076 |
| Tepehuano del sur (Ódami) | 44,386 |
| Mayo (Yoreme) | 38,507 |
| Popoluca (Zoquean) (Tuncápxe) | 36,113 |
| Cora (Naáyarite) | 33,226 |
| Trique (Tinujéi) | 29,545 |
| Yaqui (Yoem Noki or Hiak Nokpo) | 19,376 |
| Huave (Ikoods) | 18,827 |
| Popoloca (Oto-manguean) | 17,274 |
| Cuicatec (Nduudu yu) | 12,961 |
| Pame (Xigüe) | 11,924 |
| Mam (Qyool) | 11,369 |
| Q'anjob'al | 10,851 |
| Tepehuano del norte | 9,855 |
| Tepehua (Hamasipini) | 8,884 |
| Chontal de Oaxaca (Slijuala sihanuk) | 5,613 |
| Sayultec | 4,765 |
| Chuj | 3,516 |
| Acateco | 2,894 |
| Chichimeca jonaz (Úza) | 2,364 |
| Ocuilteco (Tlahuica) | 2,238 |
| Guarijío (Warihó) | 2,139 |
| Q'eqchí (Q'eqchí) | 1,599 |
| Matlatzinca | 1,245 |
| Pima Bajo (Oob No'ok) | 1,037 |
| Chocho (Runixa ngiigua) | 847 |
| Lacandón (Hach t'an) | 771 |
| Seri (Cmiique iitom) | 723 |
| Kʼicheʼ | 589 |
| Kumiai (Ti'pai) | 495 |
| Jakaltek (Poptí) (Abxubal) | 481 |
| Texistepequeño | 368 |
| Paipai (Jaspuy pai) | 231 |
| Pápago (O'odham) | 203 |
| Ixcatec | 195 |
| Kaqchikel | 169 |
| Cucapá (Kuapá) | 176 |
| Motozintleco or Qato’k | 126 |
| Lipan Apache (Ndé miizaa) | 120 |
| Ixil | 117 |
| Oluteco | 77 |
| Kiliwa language (Ko'lew) | 76 |
| Kikapú (Kikapoa) | 63 |
| Aguacatec | 20 |
| Other languages1 | 150,398 |
1 mostly insufficiently specified languages | |
| Only includes population 5 and older. Source:INEGI (2005) | |
According to the Law of Linguistic Rights, Mexico recognizes sixty-two indigenous languages as co-official National languages.[22] With Spanish being the dominant language, Mexico has become a site forendangered languages. "Indigenous people’s disadvantaged socioeconomic status and the pressure of assimilation intomestizo society have been influential on indigenous language loss."[23]
The result of the conflict between indigenous languages and Spanish has been alanguage shift in Mexico from indigenous languages being spoken to more people using Spanish in every domain. Due to this situation there have been manylanguage revitalization strategies implemented in order to create a language shift to try to reverse this language shift. Literature projects done with theNahua people[24] include "Keeping the fire alive: a decade of language revitalization in Mexico" showing the experiences of language revitalization in South Mexico.[25]
The following is a classification of the 65 indigenous languages grouped by family:
Language families with members north of Mexico
Language families with all known members in Mexico
Language family with members south of Mexico
*In danger of extinction.
The deaf community usesMexican Sign Language,Mayan Sign Language, and, particularly among Mexicans who attended school in the United States,American Sign Language. Other local sign languages are used or emerging, includingAlbarradas Sign Language,Chatino Sign Language, Tzotzil Sign Language, and Tijuana Sign Language.[26][27]
The non-Spanish and non-indigenous languages spoken in Mexico includeEnglish, by speaking English, as well as by the residents of border states. One example of this group is of the AmericanMormon colony ofNueva Casas Grandes inChihuahua, which settled in the late 19th century.Afro-Seminole Creole, an English-based creole, is traditionally spoken by theMascogos ofCoahuila.Korean is spoken mainly inNuevo León.
German (spoken mainly inMexico City andPuebla),Greek (spoken mainly in Mexico City,Guadalajara and especially inSinaloa state),Arabic,Venetian (inChipilo),Italian,French,Dutch,Occitan,Catalan,Basque,Galician,Asturian,Filipino,Polish,Hebrew,Yiddish, Korean,Ladino,Plautdietsch,Armenian,Japanese,Chinese and other languages are spoken by smaller numbers.
Venetian andPlautdietsch are spoken in isolated communities or villages. The rest are spoken by immigrants or their descendants who tend to live in the larger cities and towns.
As far as second languages go, many educated Mexicans, and those with little education who have immigrated to the US and returned, have different degrees of fluency in English. Many Mexicans working in the tourist industry can speak some English.[28]
A 2019 study by theAlliance française revealed that Mexicans have begun to take a greater interest in studying the French language, with 250,000 people being French speakers and 350,000 learning French.[29]
Romani is spoken by the MexicanRoma minority.[30]
.svg)
