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List of language regulators

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromLanguage academy)
Bodies that are official authorities on standard varieties of a language
This article containsspecial characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols.

This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often calledlanguage academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with,linguistic purism andprestige, and typically publishprescriptivedictionaries,[1] which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a moredescriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government-sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate andcodify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors.

Manyworld languages have one or more language academies or official language bodies. However, the degree of control that the academies exert over these languages does not render the lattercontrolled natural languages in the sense that the various kinds of "simple English" (e.g.Basic English,Simplified Technical English) orGeorge Orwell's fictionalNewspeak are. They instead remainnatural languages to a considerable extent and are thus notformal languages such asAttempto Controlled English. They have a degree ofstandardization that allows them to function asstandard languages (e.g.standard French). The English language has never had a formal regulator anywhere, outside of private productions such as theOxford English Dictionary.

Natural languages

[edit]
LanguageTerritoryRegulator(s)Founded
Amis Republic of ChinaCouncil of Indigenous Peoples1996
Afrikaans South Africa
 Namibia
Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission)1909
Akan GhanaAkan Orthography Committee (AOC)
Albanian AlbaniaAcademy of Sciences of Albania1972
 KosovoAcademy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo1975
Arabic Arab LeagueAcademy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية)
 AlgeriaSupreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria (المجلس الأعلى للغة العربية بالجزائر‎)1996
 EgyptAcademy of the Arabic Language in Cairo (مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة)1932
 IraqIraqi Academy of Sciences (المجمع العلمي العراقي)1948
 JordanJordan Academy of Arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني)1924
 LibyaAcademy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
 MoroccoAcademy of the Arabic Language in Morocco1960
 Saudi ArabiaKing Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language (مجمع الملك سلمان العالمي للغة العربية)
 SomaliaAcademy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu
 SudanAcademy of the Arabic Language in Khartum
 SyriaAcademy of the Arabic Language in Damascus (مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق)1918
 TunisiaBeit Al-Hikma Foundation (مؤسسة بيت الحكمة)1992
 Israel
 Palestine
Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel (مجمع اللغة العربية)2007
Aragonese AragonInstituto de l'Aragonés[2] (Previously:Academy of the Aragonese)2013
Armenian ArmeniaArmenian National Academy of Sciences (Հայաստան)1943
AssameseIndiaIndiaAsam Sahitya Sabha (অসম সাহিত্য সভা)1917
Asturian AsturiasAcademy of the Asturian Language (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana)1980
Azerbaijani Azerbaijan
 Iran
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası)1945
Aymara BoliviaLanguage and Culture Institute of the Aymara Nation (Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Aymara - ILCNA)2013[citation needed]
Balochi Iran
 Pakistan
 Afghanistan
 Oman
Balochi Academy Sarbaz (بلۏچی زبانءِ ربیدجاہ)2017
BasqueBasque Country (autonomous community)Basque Country
NavarreNavarre
FranceFrench Basque Country
Euskaltzaindia, often translated asRoyal Academy of the Basque language1918
Belarusian BelarusThe Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala Institute of Language and Literature[3] at theNational Academy of Sciences of Belarus1929
Bengali (Bangla) BangladeshBangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমি)1955
 IndiaPaschimbanga Bangla Akademi (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি)1986
Berber MoroccoRoyal Institute of Amazight Culture2001
 AlgeriaHaut-Conseil à l'amazighité (High Commission for Amazighity)1995
Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language2017
Bhojpuri IndiaBhojpuri Academy,Bihar
Maithili - Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi
Bhojpuri Sahitya Academy,Madhya Pradesh
Central Bikol PhilippinesAcademia Bicolanadefunct
Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sandžak
University of Sarajevo
Breton BrittanyPublic Office for the Breton Language (Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg)2010
Bulgarian BulgariaInstitute for Bulgarian Language at theBulgarian Academy of Sciences1942
Burmese MyanmarMyanmar Language Commission ( မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့)1963
Catalan CataloniaInstitute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans)1907
 Valencian CommunityValencian Language Academy (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua)2001
Cebuano PhilippinesVisayan Academy of Arts and Letters (Akademyang Bisaya)
Cherokee Cherokee NationCouncil of the Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ)[4]
Standard Chinese ChinaState Language Work Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会)1986[5]
 Republic of ChinaMinistry of Education (教育部)
 SingaporePromote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会)1979
 MalaysiaChinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (马来西亚华语规范理事会)
Cornish CornwallCornish Language Partnership (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek)2005
Croatian CroatiaInstitute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje)1948
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Czech Czech RepublicInstitute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) (Ústav pro jazyk český (Akademie věd České republiky))1946
Danish DenmarkDansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council)1955
DalecarlianSwedenDalarna CountyUlum Dalska1984
Divehi MaldivesDhivehi Academy (ދިވެހި އެކެޑަމީ)2011
Dutch Netherlands
 Belgium
 Suriname
Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie)1980
Dzongkha BhutanDzongkha Development Commission (རྫོང་ཁ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཚོགས)1968
EnglishNoneNone official, but theOxford English Dictionary is the principal historical dictionary of the English language.
Estonian EstoniaEmakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by theInstitute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut)1993
Faroese Faroe IslandsFaroese Language Board (Málráðið)1985
Filipino PhilippinesCommission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)1937
Finnish FinlandInstitute for the Languages of Finland (Kotimaisten kielten keskus)1976
French FranceFrench Academy (Académie Française)1635
General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France)1989
 BelgiumRoyal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium (Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique)[citation needed]1920
 QuebecOffice québécois de la langue française (Québec Office of the French Language)1961
Friulian Friuli-Venezia GiuliaAgjenzie Regjonâl pe Lenghe Furlane[6]2001
Galician GaliciaRoyal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega)1906
Georgian Georgia (country)Cabinet of Georgia (საქართველოს მთავრობა)
German Germany
 Austria
  Switzerland
 South Tyrol
 Belgium
 Alsace
 Liechtenstein
 Luxembourg
 Namibia
 Syddanmark
 Opole Voivodeship
 Silesian Voivodeship
Council for German Orthography (Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung)2004
Greenlandic GreenlandThe Greenland Language Secretariat (Oqaasileriffik)1998[7]
Guarani ParaguayGuarani Language Academy (Guarani Ñe’ ẽ Rerekuapavẽ)2013
Gujarati IndiaGujarat Sahitya Akademi (ગુજરાત સાહિત્ય અકાદમી)1981
Hakka Republic of ChinaHakka Affairs Council (客家委員會)2001
Haitian Creole HaitiHaitian Creole Academy (Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen)2014
Hebrew IsraelAcademy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית)1890
Hindi IndiaCentral Hindi Directorate (केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय)1960
Hmar IndiaHmar Literature Society[citation needed]
Hungarian Hungary
 Slovakia
 Romania
 Serbia
 Austria
Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics (Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont)1949
Icelandic IcelandÁrni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum)1962
Igbo NigeriaSociety for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture1949
Indonesian IndonesiaLanguage Development and Fostering Agency (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa)1947
Inuktitut CanadaInuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ)1971
Irish Ireland
 Northern Ireland
Foras na Gaeilge (Irish Institute)1999
Italian Italy
 San Marino
  Switzerland
 Vatican City
 Monaco
 Corsica
 Istria County
 Eritrea
 Libya
Accademia della Crusca (Academy of the bran)1583
Japanese JapanNo official centralized regulation, butde facto regulations byAgency for Cultural Affairs (文化庁) at theMinistry of Education of Japan (文部科学省)[8]1934 (predecessor),[9] 2000 (current)
Kabiye TogoKabiye Academy (Académie kabiyè)1975[10]
KannadaIndiaKarnatakaVarious academies and Government ofKarnataka
Kashubian PolandThe Kashubian Language Council (Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka)2006
Kazakh KazakhstanMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі)2022
Khmer CambodiaRoyal Academy of Cambodia (រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា)1965
Korean South KoreaNational Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원/國立國語院)1991
 North KoreaThe Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소)
 ChinaChina Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회/中国朝鲜语规范委员会)
Kven NorwayKainun institutti – kvensk institutt2007
Kurdish KurdistanKurdish Academy (ئەکادیمیای کوردی)1971
Kyrgyz KyrgyzstanNational Committee for State Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентине караштуу Мамлекеттик тил боюнча улуттук комиссия)2009[11]
Lao LaosEducational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports (ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສືກສາ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກີລາ)
Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, National University of Laos (ສະຖາບັນວິທະຍາສາດສັງຄົມ ຄະນະອັກສອນສາດ ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ງຊາດລາວ)
Latin Holy SeePontifical Academy for Latin (Pontificia Academia Latinitatis)[12]2012
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of theInternational Association for Plant Taxonomy: botanical Latin)1867
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (of theInternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: zoological Latin)1905
Latvian LatviaLatvian State Language Center (Valsts Valodas Centrs)1992
Lithuanian LithuaniaCommission of the Lithuanian Language (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija)1990
Lusoga UgandaLusoga Language Authority
Luxembourgish LuxembourgCouncil for the Luxembourgish Language (Conseil fir d'Letzebuerger Sprooch)1998
Macedonian North MacedoniaLinguistics and Literary Science Department at theMacedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts1967
Malagasy MadagascarMalagasy Academy (Académie Malgache)1902
Malay MalaysiaInstitute of Language and Literature (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)1956
 BruneiLanguage and Literature Bureau (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)1960
 SingaporeMajlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Malay Language Council, Singapore)
Malayalam IndiaKerala Sahitya Akademi (കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി)1956
Maltese MaltaNational Council for the Maltese Language (Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti)2005
Manx Isle of ManManx Language Advisory Council (Coonceil ny Gaelgey)1985
Māori New ZealandMāori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori)1987
Marathi IndiaMaharashtra Sahitya Parishad (महाराष्ट्र साहित्य परिषद)1906
Meitei (officially calledManipuri) IndiaDirectorate of Language Planning and Implementation (ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ)2013
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ)1935
Mirandese PortugalAnstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institute of the Mirandese Language)2000
Mixtec MexicoAcademy of the Mixtec Language (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi)1997
Khalkha Mongolian MongoliaCouncil of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government.[13]
Chakhar Mongolian ChinaCouncil for Language and Literature Work
Nepali   NepalNepal Academy (नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान)1957
Northern FrisianNorth FrisiaNorthern Frisian Institute (Nordfriisk Instituut)1964
Norwegian (Riksmål/Bokmål) NorwayNorwegian Academy1953
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk
Norwegian Language Council2005
Occitan Occitania
 France
 Spain
 Monaco
 Italy
Occitan Language Council (Conselh de la Lenga Occitana),[14]
Permanent Congress of the Occitan Language (Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana),[15]
Institute of Aranese Studies (Institut d'Estudis Aranesi) (Aranese)[16]
1996
Odia IndiaOdisha Sahitya Akademi (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ)1957
Pashto AfghanistanAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan (د علومو اکاډمي نښه)1978
 PakistanPashto Academy (پښتو اکېډمي)1955
Persian IranAcademy of Persian Language and Literature (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی)1935
 AfghanistanAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan (آکادمی علوم افغانستان)1978
Paiwan Republic of ChinaCouncil of Indigenous Peoples1996
Polish PolandPolish Language Council (Rada Języka Polskiego)1996
Portuguese PortugalLisbon Academy of Sciences (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa)1779
 BrazilBrazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras)1897
 GaliciaGalician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa)2008
Quechua EcuadorAcademy of the Kichwa Language (Kichwa Amawta Kamachik/ Academia de la Lengua Kichwa, abbreviated 'KAMAK')[17]2003[17]
 PeruPeruvian Ministriesof Education andof Culture (as part of their functions)
Department of CuzcoHigh Academy of the Quechua Language (Qheswa Simi Hamut'ana Kuraq Suntur/ Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua)1953[18]
Department of CajamarcaCajamarca Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca - ARIQ)[19][20]1986[20]
Department of AncashAncash Regional Academy of Quechua (Academia Regional de Quechua de Ancash - ARQA)
 BoliviaLanguage and Culture Institute of the Quechua Nation (Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Quechua - ILCNQ)2013[21]
Department of CochabambaCochabamba Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional de la Lengua Quechua de Cochabamba)
RohingyaArakan (Rakhine State)Rohingya Language Academy (𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴎𐴟𐴁𐴝𐴕 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴝𐴋𐴠𐴔𐴞)
Romanian RomaniaAcademia Română (Romanian Academy)1866
 MoldovaAcademy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Științe a Moldovei)1961
Romansh  SwitzerlandLia Rumantscha1919
Russian Russia
 Belarus
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan
Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка)1944
Scots ScotlandScots Language Centre (Center for the Scots Leid)1993
 Northern Ireland
 Ireland
Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch)1999
Scottish Gaelic ScotlandThe Gaelic Board (Bòrd na Gàidhlig)2006
Secwepemctsín CanadaSecwepemc Cultural Education Society1983
Serbian andMontenegrin Serbia
 Montenegro
 Srpska
Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Одбор за стандардизацију српског језика)1997
Sicilian SicilyCademia Siciliana[22]2016
Sindhi PakistanSindhi Language Authority (سنڌي ٻولي جو با اختيار ادارو)1992
Sinhala Sri LankaHela Havula (හෙළ හවුල)1941
Slovak SlovakiaSlovak Academy of Sciences (Slovenská akadémia vied)1942
Slovene SloveniaSlovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti)1938
Somali Djibouti
 Ethiopia
 Somalia
Regional Somali Language Academy (Akademiye Goboleedka Af Soomaaliga)2013
Sorbian Germany
 Czech Republic
 Poland
Sorbian Institute (Serbski institut)1951
Spanish Spain
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Mexico
 El Salvador
 Venezuela
 Chile
 Peru
 Guatemala
 Costa Rica
 Philippines
 Panama
 Cuba
 Paraguay
 Bolivia
 Dominican Republic
 Nicaragua
 Argentina
 Uruguay
 Honduras
 Puerto Rico
 United States
 Equatorial Guinea
 Israel
Association of Spanish Language Academies1951
Swahili TanzaniaNational Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa)1967
 KenyaNational Kiswahili Association (Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa)1998
Swedish SwedenLanguage Council of Sweden (Språkrådet)1941
Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien)1786
 FinlandInstitute for the Languages of Finland
Tajik Tajikistan
 Uzbekistan
Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Институти забон ва адабиёт ба номи А. Рӯдакии)1932
Tamil IndiaDepartment of Tamil Development and Information, Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் தகவல் துறை, தமிழ் நாடு)1831
International Institute of Tamil Studies (உலகத் தமிழாராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்)1970
Tamil University (தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்)1981
Central Institute of Classical Tamil (செம்மொழித் தமிழாய்வு மத்திய நிறுவனம்)2008
World Tamil Sangam (உலகத் தமிழ்ச் சங்கம்)2016
 Sri LankaDepartment of Official Languages (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் துறை)1931
 SingaporeTamil Language Council (வளர்தமிழ் இயக்கம்)2000
 MalaysiaMalaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council (மலேசியத் தமிழ் மொழியின் காப்பகம்)2019
 CanadaFederation of Tamil Sangams of North America1987
 United States
Tatar TatarstanTatarstan Academy of Sciences (Татарстан Республикасы Фәннәр академиясе)1804
Telugu IndiaTelugu Academy and Official Language Commission ofGovernment of Andhra Pradesh
Tetum East TimorNational Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor
Thai ThailandRoyal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา)1926
TibetanChinaTibet Autonomous RegionCommittee for Tibetan Language Affairs[1]
 IndiaCommittee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language
Tulu IndiaKarnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy
Turkish Turkey
 Cyprus
 Northern Cyprus
Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu)1932
Ukrainian UkraineNASU Institute of Ukrainian Language1991
Urdu PakistanNational Language Promotion Department (اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان)
 IndiaNational Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (قومی کونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان)
Urhobo NigeriaUrhobo Studies Association
Venetian VenetoAcademia de ła Bona Creansa (Academy of the Fair Courtesy, NGO accredited with advisory function for Unesco ICH 2003 ConventionAcademy of the Venetian Language)[citation needed]2014
Vietnamese VietnamInstitute of Linguistics ofVietnam Academy of Social Sciences
Võro EstoniaVõro Institute
Waray PhilippinesSanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte)defunct
Welsh WalesWelsh Language Commissioner (Efa Gruffudd Jones)2012
West Frisian FrieslandFryske Akademy (Frisian Academy)1938
Wolof SenegalCentre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at theCheikh Anta Diop University)
Yiddish United States
 Sweden
 Russia
YIVO[23]1925
Yoruba NigeriaYoruba Academy2007

Constructed languages

[edit]

Apart from theAkademio de Esperanto, mostconstructed languages (also calledconlangs) have no true linguistic regulators or language academies.[24]

Auxiliary languages

[edit]
See also:International auxiliary languages
LanguageRegulator(s)
EsperantoAkademio de Esperanto
IdoUniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
Lingua Franca NovaAsosia per Lingua Franca Nova
VolapükKadäm Volapüka

Esperanto

[edit]

Esperanto andIdo have beenconstructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and further developed by communities of users throughnatural language evolution.

Bodies such as theAkademio de Esperanto look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.

Interlingua

[edit]

Interlingua has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary isverified and recorded by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies. TheInternational Auxiliary Language Association ceased to exist in 1954, and according to the secretary ofUnion Mundial de Interlingua "Interlingua doesn't need its Academy".[24]

Other constructed languages

[edit]
LanguageRegulator(s)
KlingonMarc Okrand
LojbanLogical Language Group
NaʼviPaul Frommer
TalossanComità per l'Útzil del Glheþ

Other bodies

[edit]

These bodies do not attempt to regulate any language in a prescriptive manner and are primarily concerned with aiding and advising the government on policies regarding language usage.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Thomas, George (1991)Linguistic purism p.108, quotation:

    Whereas a number of the puristically motivated language societies have assumedde facto responsibility for language cultivation, the decisions of the academies have often had the force of law. ... Since academies are so closely associated with the notion of purism, a brief word on their history may not be out of place. The first academy to deal expressly and exclusively with language matters was theAccademia della Crusca ... Its orientation was essentially conservative, favouring a return to the Tuscan language as cultivated in the fourteenth century over the innovations of contemporary renaissance poets such as Torquato Tasso. ... One of its first tasks -- as with so many academies to follow -- was to produce a large-scale prescriptive dictionary of Italian

  2. ^"Instituto de l'Aragonés".Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua (in Spanish). Retrieved30 September 2023.
  3. ^"Organizations Attached to the Department of Humanitarian Sciences and Arts". National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Archived fromthe original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved8 June 2012.Field of Activities: ... compilation of the Belarusian language dictionaries including Belarusian – the other Slavonic languages and the other Slavonic languages – Belarusian dictionaries; ...
  4. ^Council of the Cherokee Nation
  5. ^Spolsky, Bernard (8 June 2014)."Language management in the People's Republic of China"(PDF).{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  6. ^"Agenzia Regionale per la Lingua Friulana".ARLeF (in Italian). Retrieved30 September 2023.
  7. ^"Organization – Language Secretariat". Retrieved11 October 2023.
  8. ^"文化審議会について" [About Council for Cultural Affairs].Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese). Retrieved25 July 2024.
  9. ^"官制に基づく国語審議会" [About National Language Council by the Former Constitutional Government].Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese). Retrieved25 July 2024.
  10. ^"Naissance et évolution de l'Académie Kabiyè".Académie Kabiyè | Kabiye Akademii (in French). Retrieved11 October 2023.
  11. ^"The State Language | Kyrgyzaeronavigatsia".kan.kg. Retrieved11 October 2023.
  12. ^"Pontificia Academia Latinitatis" (in Latin). Vatican.va. 10 November 2012. Retrieved19 August 2013.
  13. ^"Хуулийн нэгдсэн портал сайт".Legalinfo.mn (in Mongolian). Archived fromthe original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved19 December 2015.
  14. ^"CLO". Retrieved6 September 2021.
  15. ^"Lo Congrès".locongres.org. Retrieved25 October 2019.
  16. ^"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran".conselharan.org.
  17. ^abPotosí C., Fabián (2013). "Bosquejo Histórico y Lingüístico Qichwa".Kichwa yachakukkunapa shimiyuk kamu : Runa shimi - mishu shimi, mishu shimi - runa shimi(PDF). Quito: Ministerio de Educación, DINEIB. pp. 7–17.
  18. ^Durston, Alan (2019).Escritura en quechua y sociedad serrana en transformación: Perú, 1920-1960. Travaux de l'Institut français d'études andines (Primera edición ed.). Lima: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos : Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 68–69.ISBN 978-612-4358-03-6.
  19. ^"Runasimipi Llaqta Takikuna (Willka Takiy)".www.runasimi.de. Retrieved6 April 2024.
  20. ^ab"Cajamarca: XXXVI Aniversario de la Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca".agenciaperu.net. Retrieved6 April 2024.
  21. ^"Inauguran Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Quechua".Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 9 August 2013. Retrieved6 April 2024.
  22. ^"Standardizzazione Ortografica". Retrieved4 April 2024.
  23. ^"YIVO Institute". Retrieved25 October 2019.
  24. ^abJohan Derks, Prilingvaj institutoj de 18 naciaj lingvoj (Language Institutes of eighteen states), Interlingvistikaj Studoj, UAM, 2014/17, Esperanta Interlingvistiko 1
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