54°26′49″N3°03′50″W / 54.447°N 3.064°W /54.447; -3.064
TheLangdale axe industry (orfactory) is the name given by archaeologists to aNeolithic centre of specialisedstone tool production in theGreat Langdale area of the EnglishLake District.[1] The existence of the site, which dates from around 4,000–3,500 BC,[2] was suggested by chance discoveries in the 1930s. More systematic investigations were undertaken byClare Fell[3][4][5] and others[6][7][8] in the 1940s and 1950s, since when several field surveys of varying scope have been carried out.[1][9][10][11][12]
Typical finds include reject axes, rough-outs and blades created byknapping large lumps of the rock found in thescree or perhaps by simplequarrying oropencast mining.Hammerstones have also been found in the scree and otherlithicdebitage from the industry such as blades andflakes.
The area has outcrops of fine-grainedgreenstone orhornstone suitable for making polished stone axes. Such axes have been found distributed across Great Britain.[13] The rock is anepidotised greenstone quarried or perhaps just collected from the scree slopes in the Langdale Valley onHarrison Stickle andPike of Stickle. The nature and extent of the axe-flaking sites making up the Langdale Axe Factory complex are still under investigation.Geological mapping has established that thevolcanictuff used for the axes outcrops along a narrow range of the highest peaks in the locality. Other outcrops in the area are known to have been worked, especially onHarrison Stickle, andScafell Pike where rough-outs and flakes have been found on platforms below the peaks at and above the 2000- or 3000-foot level.
Recent research has shown that Langdale tuff was used for tools before the Neolithic 'axe factories' were established. InMaryport (Cumbria) it was selected for tool manufacture in the FinalPalaeolithic andMesolithic[14]
Archaeologists are able to identify the unique nature of the Langdale stone by taking sections and examining them usingmicroscopy. The minerals in the rock have a characteristic pattern, using a method known aspetrography. They have been able to reconstruct the production methods and trade patterns employed by the axe makers. The Langdaleindustry produced roughly hewn (or so-called "rough-outs") axes and simple blocks. The highly polished final product were usually made elsewhere, such as atEhenside Tarn in the western fringes of the Lake District, and all were traded on throughout Britain and Ireland. The Langdale tuff was among the most common of the various rocks used to make axes in theNeolithic period, and are known as Group VI axes.Flint was also commonly used to make polished axes, and mined at several places, but especially atGrimes Graves andCissbury, and in continental Europe atSpiennes in Belgium, andKrzemionki in Poland.
Polishing the rough surfaces will have improved themechanical strength of the axe as well as loweringfriction when used against wood. Fractures occur more easily in brittle materials like stone when rough owing to thestress concentrations present at sharp corners, holes and other defects in the axe surface. Removing those defects by polishing makes the axe much stronger, and able to withstand impact and shock loads from use.Sandstone was usually used for polishing axes, andwhetstones have been found nearby at Ehenside tarn, for example where the rough-outs were polished. Large fixed outcrops were also widely used for polishing, and there are numerous examples across Europe, but relatively few in Britain. That atFyfield Down nearAvebury is an exception, but there must be many more awaiting discovery and publication.
The stone axes from Langdale have been found at archaeological sites across Britain and Ireland. An unusual concentration of finds occurs in the East of England, particularly Lincolnshire. Francis Pryor[15] attributes this to these axes being particularly valued in this region. He mentions possible religious significance of the axes, perhaps related to the high peaks from which they came. He compares this with confirmed Neolithic flint mines which, apart fromGrime's Graves (where flint of exceptionally high quality was mined), were all at prominent elevated locations.
Of all the Neolithic polished stone axes that have been examined in the UK, around 27% come from the Langdale region. This is notable considering there were over 30 sources of material for stone axes from Cornwall to northern Scotland and Ireland.
Whether religious objects or not, the axes must have been of high value, given that they have been "traded" so widely. Some axes appear worn whilst others appear unused, again implying that they were regarded as sacred objects or, perhaps, simply as a display of visible wealth. Some though were used as practical tools. The shape of the polished axes suggests that they were bound in wooden staves and used for forest clearance.
Francis Pryor discusses a flint axe that he found north ofPeterborough with fantastic swirling patterns that had been brought out by polishing – but this axe was totally impractical as the patterns were fault lines, making the flint very fragile. However, it must have been valued by its owner and/or maker, bearing in mind the work involved in making it. These facts suggest various interpretations of the purpose of the Langdale axes, which were both beautiful and practical, as well as being traded many miles from their place of production.
The Langdale industry was one of many which extracted hard stone for manufacture into polished axes. The Neolithic period was a time of settlement on the land, and the development of farming on a large scale. Clearance of the forest cover was necessary in order to plant crops and rear animals, so axes were a staple tool, not just for clearance but also for wood working timber for houses, boats and other structures.Flint was probably the most widely used, simply because it was available from numerous flint mines in thedownlands, such asGrimes Graves,Cissbury andSpiennes. Blades from roughing-out from flint andchert could also be used as small knives, arrowheads and other small sharp tools such asburins andawls.
But other hard and tough stones were used, such asigneous rocks fromPenmaenmawr inNorth Wales, and similar working areas to Langdale have been found there. Many other locations for production of axes have been suggested (but not always found) across the country includingTievebulliagh inCounty Antrim, sites inCornwall,Scotland and theCharnwood Forest inLeicestershire. It is also likely thatbluestone axes were exported from thePreseli hills inPembrokeshire. The industry was also widely developed elsewhere in the world, such as in Australia atMount William stone axe quarry which used a similar rock until relatively recent times.The variety of rocks used in polished tools and other artefacts is evident in museum collections, not all of the sources of the rocks having been positively identified. Taking sections is necessarily destructive of part of the artefact, and thus discouraged by many museums. Likewise, the rocks or anvils used to polish the axes are rare in Britain but common in France and Sweden.
Radiocarbon dating at the Langdale stone axe factory site suggests that it was in operation for about 1,000 years during the Neolithic period.
Current thinking links the manufacturers of the axes to some of the first Neolithicstone circles such as that atCastlerigg.[16][17]
The altitude and rough terrain of the archaeological sites have protected them from types of damage caused by human settlement in lowland areas. However, Great Langdale is much visited by walkers. People have removed axes (although current thinking is that they should be left in situ) and have caused inadvertent damage to stone scatters by walking.
An attempt to schedule the sites as ancient monuments in the 1980s was thwarted by the lack of reliable mapping.[18] However, English Heritage has been considering questions on how the sites should be managed.[19] Particular attention has been paid to the siting of footpaths to avoid damage to axeworking sites.[18] Since the 1990s eroded paths in the Lake District, including Great Langdale, have been repaired by a "Fix the Fells" project in which theNational Trust is the major partner.
Langdale axes are displayed in Cumbria atKendal Museum andTullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle,[20] and in other collections such as the British Museum.
