| Landing on Emirau | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWorld War II,Pacific War | |||||||
 F4U Corsairs on Emirau Island in position along a taxiway to the new airport which was operational less than two months after the landing | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |  Japan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| William Halsey, Jr.Lawrence ReifsniderAlfred H. NobleWilliam L. McKittrick |  Jinichi KusakaRyukichi Tamura | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 4,000 | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 injured | |||||||
 | |||||||
TheLanding on Emirau was the last of the series of operations that made upOperation Cartwheel,GeneralDouglas MacArthur's strategy for the encirclement of the majorJapanese base atRabaul. A force of nearly 4,000United States Marines landed on the island ofEmirau on 20 March 1944. The island was not occupied by the Japanese and there was no fighting. It was developed into an airbase which formed the final link in the chain of bases surrounding Rabaul. The isolation of Rabaul permitted MacArthur to turn his attention westward and commence his drive along the north coast ofNew Guinea toward thePhilippines.
In February 1943, General MacArthur had presented the USJoint Chiefs of Staff with his Elkton Plan for an advance on the Japanese stronghold of Rabaul. In this "scheme of manoeuvre" the penultimate stage was the capture ofKavieng, an important staging post for aircraft moving fromTruk to Rabaul. The Allied occupation of Kavieng would cut this route and isolate Rabaul.[1] The Allied victory in theAdmiralty Islands campaign in March 1944 prompted theJoint Chiefs of Staff to consider accelerating the tempo of operations in the Pacific. They solicited opinions on the matter from the theatre commanders. On 5 March 1944, armed with detailed information about Japanese deployments and intentions as a result of the capture of Japanese cryptographic materials in theBattle of Sio, MacArthur recommended omitting the proposed attack onHansa Bay in favor of moving further up the coast ofNew Guinea toHollandia.[2] As this would be out of range of his land-based aircraft, he proposed thataircraft carriers ofAdmiralChester W. Nimitz'United States Pacific Fleet, which were to cover theManus and Kavieng operations could provide air cover until land-based aircraft could be established ashore. Admiral Nimitz, inWashington DC for consultation, objected to this proposal to retain forces in theSouth West Pacific theatre after the capture of Kavieng, as it would disrupt his plans for upcoming operations in thePacific Ocean theatre. The Joint War Plans Committee discussed these alternatives, and recommended to the Joint Chiefs that Hollandia be seized on 15 April, but that the Kavieng operation be canceled.[3]
MacArthur's Chief of Staff,Lieutenant GeneralRichard K. Sutherland, representing his commander before the Joint Chiefs, strenuously objected to the omission of Kavieng, which he believed could be captured on 1 April without delaying other operations. There was debate over how much of a threat the Japanese base at Kavieng was. Nimitz felt that as a result of theBattle of Eniwetok, Truk itself would soon be under constant attack and the flow of aircraft to Rabaul would be cut off. On 12 March, orders went out to MacArthur and Nimitz canceling OperationFOREARM [Kavieng] and ordering them to "complete the isolation of the Rabaul-Kavieng area with the minimum commitment of forces".[4] In the opinion of the commander of theSouth Pacific Area, AdmiralWilliam Halsey, Jr., "the geography of the area begged for another bypass".[5] On receipt of orders from MacArthur revoking plans for Kavieng and ordering him to occupyEmirau, Halsey ordered the commander of theIII Amphibious Force,Rear AdmiralTheodore S. Wilkinson, to occupy Emirau on 20 March.[6]
Emirau (or Emira) is an island in the Bismarck Archipelago in the south eastern portion of theSt. Matthias Islands, located 25 miles (40 km) fromMussau Island, the other principal island in the St. Matthias group, and 90 miles (140 km) from Kavieng. Emirau is about 8 miles (13 km) long and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, hilly, and heavily wooded. Inland is a 90-acre (36 ha) plateau. The climate is tropical, with high humidity and heavy rainfall. There is a small harbor, Hamburg Bay, on the north west coast. About 300 natives lived on the island;[7] but all available intelligence indicated that the Japanese had not occupied the islands in any appreciable strength. Emirau was considered suitable for development as an airbase and base forPT boats. A photo reconnaissance mission on 16 March revealed no indication whatsoever of enemy activity or installations.[8]
Halsey's message reached Wilkinson onGuadalcanal on 15 March, by which time ships were already loading for the Kavieng operation, which had originally been scheduled for 18 March. This operation was to have been carried out byMajor GeneralRoy S. Geiger'sI Amphibious Corps, with the40th Infantry Division and3rd Marine Division, reinforced by the4th Marines. For Emirau,Lieutenant ColonelAlan Shapley's 4th Marines would be sufficient, reinforced by Company C,3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion; Company A (Medium),3rd Tank Battalion, equipped withM4 Sherman tanks; a company ofpioneers from the2nd Battalion, 19th Marines; signals, ordnance and motor transport detachments; and a composite anti-aircraft battery of the14th Defense Battalion.[9] This would be the first operation for the 4th Marines, which had been reformed on 1 February 1944 from four battalions ofMarine Raiders, the original 4th Marines having been destroyed in theBattle of Corregidor.CommodoreLawrence F. Reifsnider was appointed to command the amphibious operation.Brigadier GeneralAlfred H. Noble, the Assistant Division Commander of the 3d Marine Division would command the expeditionary troops. Noble, who was also slated to become island commander, was given a small staff created from I Amphibious Corps and 3rd Marine Division personnel. An air command was organized for Emirau underColonelWilliam L. McKittrick from the larger one intended for the Kavieng operation.[10]
No opposition was expected on Emirau, but strong naval and air support was provided. A covering force under Rear Admiral Robert M. Griffin, consisting of thebattleshipsNew Mexico,Mississippi,Idaho andTennessee, accompanied by theescort carriersManila Bay andNatoma Bay, and 15destroyers, carried out part of the original Kavieng plan—the bombardment of Kavieng and the surrounding area. In all, some 1,079 rounds of 14-inch and 12,281 rounds of 5-inch ammunition were fired.[11] The bombardment gave Rear Admiral Ryukichi Tamura the impression that the expected invasion by Allied forces was imminent and he gave the order to kill all the European prisoners in Kavieng. At least 25 of them were executed in the Kavieng Wharf Massacre, which later led to six of the perpetrators being sentenced for war crimes in 1947. Sentenced to death by hanging, Tamura was executed atStanley Prison on 16 March 1948.[12]
The assault force left in two echelons. The Marines of the two assault battalions, the1st and2nd Battalions, 4th Marines, traveled on nine high speed transports (APDs) while the remainder of the force were on thedock landing ships (LSDs)Epping Forest,Gunston Hall andLindenwald, and theattack transport (APA)Callaway. One LSD carried the 66LVTs for crossing Emirau's fringing reef, one carried threeLCTs, two of them loaded with tanks, and the third carried three LCTs withradar sets and anti-aircraft guns.[8]
The attack group arrived in the transport area at 06:05 on 20 March. The LVTs were launched, and the assault troops transferred to the amphibious tractors using the APDs' boats, supplemented by those fromCallaway whileVought F4U Corsairs ofVMF-218 flew overhead to make a last-minute check of the island for any signs of the Japanese. The assault waves touched down on schedule. The reserve 3rd Battalion's boats grounded on the reef soon afterwards, and its marines waded ashore through knee deep water. The only problem encountered was with launching the LCTs carrying the tanks. The LSD's flooding mechanism failed and the LCTs had to be dragged out by a fleet tug.[13] While the detachment sent to occupy Elomusao Island was approaching the beach, some supposed opposition caused the amphibious tractors and then a destroyer to open fire, and a man was wounded by a shell fragment. However, the natives informed the marines that the Japanese had left Emirau two months before and only a small detachment remained onMussau Island.[14] Supplies began landing at around 11:00, first from the APDs and then fromCallaway. Some 3,727 troops and 844 tons of cargo were ashore by nightfall when the ships sailed.[13] Within a month, some 18,000 men and 44,000 tons of supplies had been landed.[6]
Intelligence reports indicated that there were Japanese fuel and ration dumps on Mussau, and a radio station on a nearby island, so on 23 March these areas were shelled by destroyers. On 27 March, a destroyer intercepted a large canoe carrying Japanese troops about 40 miles (64 km) south of Mussau. The Japanese soldiers replied with their rifles and machine guns, and the destroyer returned fire, destroying the canoe and killing the occupants. Thus ended the only fighting in the St. Matthias Group.[13]
Construction activities were taken in hand by the US NavySeabees of the 18th Construction Regiment, which consisted of the 27th, 61st and 63rd Construction Battalions and the 17th Special Battalion, which arrived between 25 and 30 March, and the 77th Construction Battalion which arrived on 14 April. The 27th built a PT boat base, an LCT floatingdrydock andslipway, and roads. The 61st constructed housing, ammunition storage facilities, a runway, and some of the buildings at the PT boat base. It also handledsawmill operations. The 63rd assisted at the sawmill and worked on the roads, camps, harbor facilities,warehouses,magazines andavgas dumps. The 77th builttaxiways, hardstands, aviation workshops and the avgas tank farm. The 88th worked on runways, roads, radar stations and a causeway at the eastern end of the island.[15]
Two airfields were constructed, Inshore and North Cape. These were heavy bomber strips, 7,000 feet (2,100 m) long and 300 feet (91 m) wide. The former had parking for 210 fighters or light bombers; the latter for 84 heavy bombers. Both were fully equipped with towers, lighting, and a dispensary. The aviation tank farm consisted of three 10,000-barrel (~1,400 t) storage tanks and nineteen 1,000-barrel (~140 t) storage tanks, together with the appropriate filling and distribution points. A reserve of 40,000 barrels (~5,500 t) was stored in drums. Three hospitals were established, a 100-bed naval base hospital, the 160-bed 24th Army Field Hospital, and the 150-bed Acorn 7 Hospital. The anchorage at Hamburg Bay could accommodate up to five capital ships. Port facilities included eight cranes, 42,000 cubic feet (1,200 m3) of refrigerated space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of covered storage. The port could handle 800measurement tons (910 m3) of cargo per day. Connecting the various facilities was 40 miles (64 km) of coral-surfaced all-weather road. All this work was completed by August and Construction Battalion Maintenance Unit (CBMU) 502 assumed responsibility for maintenance work. All the construction battalions departed by December.[15]
The 4th Marines were relieved as the garrison of Emirau by the147th Infantry on 11 April 1944. The next day, Noble was replaced as island commander by a marine aviator, Major GeneralJames T. Moore, the Commanding General of the1st Marine Aircraft Wing.[16] In turn, the 147th Infantry was relieved as garrison by the369th Infantry in June.[17] In August, General MacArthur directed that responsibility for garrisoning Emirau would be transferred to the Australian Army.[18] The Australian8th Infantry Battalion arrived to take over the garrison role on Emirau on 30 September.[19] They were met by a smallANGAU detachment that had been on the island since May.[20]Marine Aircraft Group 12 operated from Emirau until December, when it moved toLeyte; its place was taken by squadrons of theRNZAF.[21] On 20 March 1945, General MacArthur authorized a reduction in the garrison size to one company of the 8th Infantry Battalion. In June 1945, it too was withdrawn.[22] CBMU 502 departed for Manus that month.[23] The RNZAF maintained a bomber-reconnaissance squadron at Emirau until July 1945, and a fighter squadron until August, when all forces were withdrawn from the island.[24]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)