Jamma Lampung (inLampung Api) Ulun Lappung (inLampung Nyo) | |
|---|---|
 A Lampung bride and bridegroom in 1987. Both of the couples are of the Sungkai Bungamayang clan. The traditional headgear of the bride, which is calledSiger, is commonly used in Lampung weddings. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia | 1,381,660[1] |
 Lampung | 1,028,190 |
 West Java | 92,862 |
 Banten | 69,885 |
 Jakarta | 45,215 |
 South Sumatra | 44,983 |
| Languages | |
| |
| Religion | |
| PredominantlyIslam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Austronesian peoples | |
TheLampung[a] (Lampung:Jamma Lampung(inLampung Api),Ulun Lappung(inLampung Nyo);Indonesian:Orang Lampung) orLampungese are an indigenousethnic group native toLampung and some parts ofSouth Sumatra (especially in Martapura region ofEast Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, Muaradua district ofSouth Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, Kayu Agung district ofOgan Komering Ilir Regency),Bengkulu (in Merpas district ofKaur Regency), as well as in the southwest coast ofBanten (in Cikoneng ofSerang Regency). They speak theLampung language, a Lampungic language estimated to have 1.5 million speakers.[2]
The origins of the Lampung people is closely tied to the name of Lampung itself. In the 7th century the Chinese had already mentioned about a place in the south (Nampang) where it is said to be the place of theTolang Pohwang kingdom, the location of the former kingdom's territory may now refer to the area ofTulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River, this is supported by Prof. Gabriel Ferrand (1918).[3] There are strong evidence thatLampung was part of theSrivijaya empire with its capital inJambi and did conquered parts ofSouth East Asia region includingLampung until the 11th century.[4]
In the 5th ADTaiping Huanyu Ji chronicles, names of theNan-hai (Southern ocean) states were recorded and among them are two states which were mentioned in sequence,To-lang andPo-hwang. TheTo-lang state was mentioned only once, but thePo-hwang state was mentioned many times as this state did send envoys toChina in the year of 442, 449, 451, 459, 464 and 466.[5]
It is said that there is also a Tulangbawang kingdom, although the idea simply came from the unification of the two names in the Chinese chronicles.[6]
Originally the lineage of the Lampung people came from Sekala Brak kingdom.[7] However, in its customary sense the Lampung people developed and became two people group, namely the Saibatin Lampungs (coastal) and the Pepadun Lampungs (interior).[8] The customs of the Saibatin people are well known for its aristocracy,[8] while the customs of the Pepadun people which emerged later had democratic values developed in opposed to the aristocracy values held by the Saibatin people.[8]
The Saibatin Lampungs occupy traditional regions such as Labuhan Maringgai, Pugung, Jabung, Way Jepara, Kalianda, Raja Basa, Teluk Betung, Padang Cermin, Cukuh Balak, Way Lima, Talang Padang, Kota Agung, Semaka, Suoh, Sekincau, Batu Brak, Belalau, Liwa, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Martapura, Muara Dua, Kayu Agung with four of these cities are inSouth Sumatra province, Cikoneng in PantaiBanten and including Merpas inSouth Bengkulu Regency. The Saibatin Lampungs are also often referred to as Pesisir (coastal) Lampungs because majority of them lived along the east, south and west coast ofLampung with each consisting of:-[9]
The Pepadun Lampungs or Pedalaman (interior) Lampungs consists of:-[10]
The philosophical life of the Lampung people are contained in the Kuntara Raja Niti manuscript,[11] which are:-
The above-mentioned philosophical values are denoted by the symbol of five decorative flowers of the Lampung seal.
The characteristic traits of the Lampung people are expressed in theadi-adi (poems):-
Tandani ulun Lampung, wat piil-pusanggiri
Mulia heno sehitung, wat liom ghega dighi
Juluk-adok gham pegung, nemui-nyimah muaghi
Nengah-nyampugh mak ngungkung, sakai-Sambaian gawi.
TheLampung language is the language used by the Lampung people inLampung, southernPalembang and the west coast ofBanten. This language is classified in its own branch from the westernMalayo-Polynesian languages (Lampungic languages)[12] and is most closely related toMalay,Sundanese andJavanese.[13] TheLampung language has two major dialects which is Api and Nyo dialects.[14] The Api dialect are spoken by the people of Sekala Brak, Melinting Maringgai, Darah Putih Rajabasa, Balau Telukbetung, Semaka Kota Agung, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Komering and Daya (those that practices the Saibatin Lampungs customs), and including Way Kanan, Sungkai and Pubian (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). The Nyo dialect are used by the people of Abung and Tulangbawang (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). According to Dr. Van Royen, there are two classification of theLampung language which are the Belalau dialect or Api dialect and the Abung dialect or Nyo dialect.[15]Komering, spoken by theKomering is also part of Lampungic languages but mostly considered an independent language of its own, separate from proper Lampung as the Komering people have a different culture from Lampung people.[16]
Lampung script that is referred to asHad Lampung is a form of writing that is related to thePallawa script fromSouth India.[17] Just like a form of syllable-based phonetic writing similar to the vowels as used in Arabic letters by using the sign offathah at the top row and the sign ofkasrah at the bottom row but does not use the sign ofdammah on the front row unless the mark is used at the back, with each mark has its own name.
This shows that Lampung script is influenced by two elements, namely thePallawa script andArabic script. The Lampung script also has a form of kinship withRencong script,Rejang script,[17] Bengkulu script andBugis script.[18] Had Lampung consists of main letters, sub-letters, double letters and consonant clusters, as well as also symbols, numbers and punctuation. Lampung script is also referred to asKaGaNga, a term for a script that is written and read in a direction from left to right with 20 main letters.
The traditional Lampung script has undergone changes throughout history, becoming less complex than the ancient version. This refined version is what is taught in schools today.
Statesmen and politicians:
Professional practitioners:
Reporters and journalists:
Freedom fighters:
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