Lala Lajpat Rai | |
|---|---|
 Rai in 1924 | |
| Born | (1865-01-28)28 January 1865 |
| Died | 17 November 1928(1928-11-17) (aged 63) |
| Cause of death | Injuries sustained during alathi charge |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Punjab Kesari |
| Occupations |
|
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Movement | India's independence |
| Spouse | Radha Devi Aggarwal |
Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 — 17 November 1928) was an Indian revolutionary, politician, and author, popularly known asPunjab Kesari (Lion of Punjab). He was one of the three members of theLal Bal Pal trio.[1] He died of severe trauma injuries sustained in October 1928 during abaton charge by police inLahore, when he led a peaceful protest march against the all-BritishSimon Commission.
Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 into anAgrawal Jain[2][3][4] family as the eldest son of six children of Munshi Radha Krishna, an Urdu and Persian government school teacher and Gulab Devi Aggarwal atDhudike in theFaridkot district of thePunjab Province ofBritish India (now inMoga district,Punjab, India).[5] He spent much of his youth inJagraon. His house still stands in Jagraon and houses a library and museum.[6] He also built the first educational institute R.K. High school in Jagraon.
Lajpat Rai had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School,Rewari,Punjab province, where his father was posted as anUrdu teacher. In 1880, he joinedGovernment College at Lahore to study law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such asLala Hans Raj and PanditGuru Dutt. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement ofSwami Dayanand Saraswati, became a member of the existingArya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder-editor of Lahore-basedArya Gazette.[7][better source needed]
| Lala Lajpat Rai | |
|---|---|
 A commemorative postage stamp on LALA LAJPATRAI by Department of Posts, Government of India. | |
| Country of issue | India |
| Date of issue | 28 Jan 1965 |
| Face value | INR 0.15 |
In 1884, his father was transferred toRohtak, and Rai came along after the completion of his studies atLahore. In 1886, he moved toHisar where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became a founding member of theBar Council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. In the same year, he helpedMahatma Hansraj establish the nationalisticDayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore, and he also founded the Hisar district branches of theIndian National Congress, and the reformistArya Samaj movement with several other local leaders. These included Babu Churamani (lawyer), the threeTayal brothers (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, Arya SamajPandit Murari Lal,[8]Seth Chhaju Ram Jat (founder ofJat School, Hisar) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honour of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practise before theLahore High Court. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practised journalism, and was a regular contributor to several newspapers includingThe Tribune. He was also associated with the management ofPunjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894.
In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the Indian independence movement and travelled to Britain, and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920. His early freedom struggle was impacted by Arya Samaj and communal representation.[9]
After joining theIndian National Congress and taking part inpolitical agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai Wadwal was deported to Mandalay by the British Raj, but there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed.[10]
Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside theBradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British-style institutions, includedBhagat Singh.[11] He was electedPresident of the Indian National Congress in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.[12] In 1921, he foundedServants of the People Society, a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.[13] He was a politician who had followed the policy of non - violence. According to him, Hindu society needs to fight its own battle with caste system, position of women and untouchability.[14] Vedas were an important part of Hindu religion and approved everyone should be allowed to read them and recite the mantras. He believed that everyone should be allowed to read and learn from the Vedas.[15]
After returning from theexile, Lala Lajpat Rai went for a tour to theGreat Britain. His stay for there was actually planned for a few weeks.
But when he tried to come back from the tour he was unable to return to India because of -
Lalaji was a hard working person. He didn't pass his time in idleness', instead he utilised his time and delivered lectures, wrote for many newspapers likeThe Times and wrote some great books like theYoung India (which was banned by the British Government for several years but the ban was released when a case was filed against the ban and nothing special was found which would have caused the government to ban the book) and collected a huge amount of fund. He had to do learn all the skillsnecessary to running a household including cooking food, cleaning and doing laundry. He faced hardship due to shortage of money set aside for himself though he had lot amount of funds but he said that he won't use a single penny from the fund as the fund was meant for the investment for the country's needs. He also extended his trip to Japan and the US.
After applying many times for the return to India, he went to the UK and spoke to the Secretary of India and managed to get his permit back to India.
Lajpat Rai travelled to theUnited States in 1916, and then returned duringWorld War I. He touredSikh communities along theWestern Seaboard, visited theTuskegee University in Alabama, and met with workers in thePhilippines. His travelogue,The United States of America (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, includingW.E.B. Du Bois andBooker T. Washington. While in the United States he had founded the Indian Home Rule League inNew York City and a monthly journal, theYoung India and Hindustan Information Services Association. Rai petitioned theUnited States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, painting a vivid picture of maladministration by theBritish Raj in India, the aspirations of Indian public for independence amongst many other points which strongly sought the support of the international community for the attainment of Indian independence. The 32-page petition, which was prepared overnight, was discussed in theU.S. Senate in October 1917.[16] The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Indian National Congress that launched the non-co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release.[16]
In 1928, theUnited Kingdom set up theSimon Commission, headed bySir John Simon to report on the political situation in India. The commission was boycotted by Indian political parties because it did not include any Indian members, and it was met with country-wide protests.[17] When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led a non-violent march in protest against it and gave the slogan "Simon Go Back!". The protesters chanted the slogan and carried black flags.
The police superintendent in Lahore,James A. Scott, ordered the police tolathi charge the protesters and personallyassaulted Rai.[18] Despite being severely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd at Mochi Gate the same evening and said "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin ofBritish rule in India."[19]
Rai did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that James Scott's blows had hastened his death.[18] However, when the matter was raised in theBritish Parliament, theBritish government denied any role in Rai's death.[20]Bhagat Singh, anHSRArevolutionary, whose associates (Naujawan Bharat Sabha's activists) were a witness to the event,[21] swore to avenge the death of Rai, who was a significant leader of theIndian independence movement.[20] He joined other revolutionaries,Shivaram Rajguru,Sukhdev Thapar andChandra Shekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to the British government.[22] However, in a case of mistaken identity, Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an assistant superintendent of theLahore Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters inLahore on 17 December 1928.[23] Chanan Singh, ahead constable who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.[24]
This case did not stop Singh and his fellow-members of theHindustan Socialist Republican Association from claiming that retribution had been exacted.[22]
Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of theIndian Nationalist Movement led by theIndian National Congress,Hindu reform movements andArya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men in the independence movement, such asChandrasekhar Azad andBhagat Singh, were inspired by Rai.
In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including Hisar congress, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV Managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned theLakshmi Building inKarachi, which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of life insurance business happened during 1956.
In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in his mother's memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore.[25] This became known as theGulab Devi Chest Hospital (originally Gulab Devi Tuberculosis Hospital) and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as its patients.
In 1926, Lala Lajpat Rai established R.K. Trust in the memory of his father Sh. Radhakrishan. In 1956, R.K. Trust established Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial College in Jagraon. Later the college was taken under DAV management and rename as Lajpat Rai DAV College. R.K. Trust also manages the R.K. High School inJagraon. Lala Lajpat Rai's younger brother Lala Dhanpat Rai was appointed by him to be the first headmaster of the R.K. High School.[26]
Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai atLahore, was later moved central square inShimla after the partition of India.[27] In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group ofPunjabi philanthropists (including R. P. Gupta and B. M. Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State ofMaharashtra, which runs theLala Lajpat Rai College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai.Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut is named after him.[28] In 1998,Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga was named after him. In 2010, theGovernment of Haryana set up theLala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Hisar in his memory.
Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with his statue in Hisar;[29]Lajpat Nagar and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence atIndian Institutes of Technology (IIT) inKharagpur;Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown ofJagraon are named in his honour including a bus terminal with statue of him at the entry gate. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India.
Homi Master directed a 1929 Indian silent film, titledPunjab Kesari (orThe Lion of Punjab), about Lala Lajpat Rai.[30]Vande Mataram Ashram a 1927 silent film by the Indian filmmakerBhalji Pendharkar, was inspired by Rai's andMadan Mohan Malaviya's opposition to the Western-style educational system introduced by the British Raj; it wascensored by the colonial government's regional film censorship board.[31]
A documentary film about Lajpat Rai, directed byK. Viswanath, was produced by theGovernment of India'sFilms Division.[32]
A protest is brewing and threatening to become a full-fledged rebellion in the aftermath of the arrest of Lala Lajpat Rai is referenced at the starting scene of 2022 released movie 'RRR'.[33]
Lala Lajpat Rai is also showcased in 2022 released movie 'Dasvi", The protagonist tries to say Lalaji.[34]
InS. S. Rajamouli'speriod fiction filmRRR protest for his arrest at Calcutta (only name mentioned) inRam Charan introduction with 1000 people, historically, Lalaji was arrested on 3 December 1921 in Lahore for his activities related to the non-cooperation movement and was imprisoned for a year and a half.[35]
Along with foundingArya Gazette as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books. He also wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi,Shivaji andShri Krishna.
Lajpat Young India.
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