| Laika | |
|---|---|
 East Siberian Laika | |
| Origin | Russia |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |
Laika (/ˈlaɪkə/LY-kə;Russian:лайка,romanized: layka,IPA:[ˈlajkə],pl.лайки,layki,laiki) is a term for several types of dogs that originate fromRussia, particularlySiberia,[1] but also sometimes expanded to include Nordic hunting breeds. Laika breeds are primitive dogs who flourish with minimal care even in hostile weather. Generally, laika breeds are expected to be versatilehunting dogs, capable of hunting game of a variety of sizes by treeing small game, pointing and baying larger game and working as teams to corner bear and boar. However a few laikas have specialized as herding or sled dogs.[2][3]
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The Russian wordlaika (лайка) is a noun derived from the verblayat' (лаять, to bark), and literally meansbarker. As the name of a dog variety, it is used not only in Russiancynological literature, but sometimes in other languages as well to refer to all varieties of hunting dogs traditionally kept by the peoples of the northernRussia and adjacent areas. This includes not only the three or four breeds known as Laikas in English, but also other standard breeds that theFCI classifies together with them as "Nordic Hunting Dogs" (Group 5, Section 2 of the FCI classification).[4]
Indeed the wordlaika is often used to refer not only tohunting dogs but also to the relatedsled dog breeds of thetundra belt, which the FCI classifies as "Nordic Sled Dogs" and even occasionally all spitz breeds.[5][3]
The debate as to what dogs should be considered laika is as old as Russian cynology. Two of the first known published works on laikas were Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov's groundbreaking illustrated book, "Album of Northern Dogs (Laikas)"[6] and M.G. Dmitrieva-Sulima's book, "The Laika and Hunting With It".[7] An avid bear hunter, Prince Shirinsky-Shikhmatov is described as "Being much interested in the natural sagacity and hunting capacity of the laïkas he procured some hundreds of specimens of different varieties and applied himself seriously to their study and breeding.[6]" Prince Shirinsky-Shikhmatov cataloged 13 breeds of laikas: Zyryan, Finno-Karelian, Vogul, Cheremis, Ostyak, Tungus, Votyak, Galician, Norvegian, Buryatian, Soyotian, Laplandian and Samoyed Laika.[6] However, sportswoman and author M. G. Dmitrieva-Sulima considered the term "Northern Dog" to be the most appropriate name to apply to this numerous group of dogs. She also admits that even the term "northern" would also be not quite precise, because dogs of similar type also occurred in Africa, America and everywhere in Asia.[7] Dmitrieva-Sulima would go on to name 19 additional laika breeds, raising the grand total to 30: Kevrolian, Olonets, Kyrghyz, Yakut, Koryak, Orochon, Gilyak, Bashkir, Mongolian, Chukotka, Golds and Yukagir Laikas, Tomsk, Vilyui, Berezovo-Surgut, Kolyma, Pechora Laika, and the Polar Dog.[7]
Regardless of the exact count of laika breeds, all contemporary writers speak of the reverence that local ethnic groups held these dogs. Russian ethnographerVladimir Jochelson writes "The sled dog is at the same time a hunting dog, with a well-developed sense of smell, but with better hearing and sight. Almost all year round on a leash, but left to themselves, they are perfectly able to find food in the form of mice, partridges, ducks and other birds and small animals."[8]
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During the Soviet era, there was a push to classify dogs by their specialization as well as merge similar local dogs into large geographic zones. Thus, many experts began to consider laikas to be strictly dogs utilized aspointing hunters and excluded herding and sled laikas altogether.[5] However, this proved problematic as the primitive nature of laikas resulted in less specialization than seen in other breeds and the sheer scale of these regions made it difficult to produce a uniform dog within the zones. Nevertheless in 1949, standards of four breeds of hunting Laikas were approved: theKarelo-Finnish Laika,Russo-European Laika,West Siberian Laika andEast Siberian Laika. In 1952, the Cynological Soviet of Glavokhota of the Russian Federation approved permanent breed standards of the first three breeds.[5] Meanwhile sled dogs were divided into two types, the smaller westernSamoyed and the larger Northeastern Hauling Laika, of which the first was permanently recognized.[9][10] The popularity of pedigreed dogs combined with a systemic campaign by officials to eliminate aboriginal dogs, resulted in a collapse of unrecognized local aboriginal laika.[3] In addition, the introduction of mechanized travel as well as decline in fur hunting and local fishing further hastened the decline of laikas.[9][10][11]
The collapse of the Soviet Union cleared room for additional laikas to be recognized as purebred, and in 1992, theKamchatka Laika and theChukotka sled dog gained recognition as purebred by theRussian Cynological Federation, followed by theNenets Herding Laika in 1994.[5] In 2004, theYakutian Laika was adopted. Many of the laikas identified at the beginning of the 20th century are now thought to be lost including theGilyak Laika (Sakhalin husky) and the Yukaghir Laika.[10]
Despite the visual similarity amongst the laika breeds, genetic analysis shows little genetic connection with the similar breeds in the adjacent geographical areas of Russia and Scandinavia.[12]
| Type | Breed | Country of origin | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hunting Laika |  | Russia | A sledding, hunting and herding laika from east Siberia.[1]Archived 2024-06-22 at theWayback Machine |
 | Finland | Known in Russia as the Finnish Laika (Финская лайка) or the Finnish Bird Laika (финская птичья лайка).[13] | |
 | Karelia region ofFinland andRussia | Known in Russian as both the Karelian Bear Dog (Карельская Медвежья собака) and the Karelian Bear Laika (карельская медвежья лайка)[13] | |
 | Karelia region ofFinland andRussia | A small bird laika with a distinct reddish coat. Closely related to the Finnish Spitz.[14] | |
 | Sweden | Known in Russian as Norbotten Spitz (Norbotten Шпиц) but occasionally called Norbotten Laika (Норботтенская лайка)[13] | |
 | Russia andFinland | A medium size, compact laika, used for hunting a variety of game and as watchdogs.[15] | |
 | Russia | A rangy and fast laika used for hunting and occasionally sledding.[16] | |
 | Turkey | A medium size, compact laika, used for hunting a variety of game, especially boar and as watchdogs. | |
| Herding Laika | Nenets Herding Laika | Russia | Also known as the Reindeer Herding Laika or Olenegonka[17] this breed is the ancestor of theSamoyed - bred byNenets people.[18] Unlike the Samoyed, it has different colour variations, such as white, red, brown, sable, grey, black and piebald.[18][17] |
 | Russia | A breed of medium-sizedherding dogs with thick, white, double-layer coats.Samoyed may be occasionally referred to as theSamoyed Laika (Самоедская лайка)[19] | |
| Sled Laika | Chukotka Sled Dog | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ofRussia | A sled laika prized for its endurance and fuel efficiency, the predecessor to the Siberian Husky |
| Kamchatka Sled Dog | Russia | A sled dog from Far East of Siberia. | |
| Sakhalin Husky | Russia andJapan | A critically endangered sled dog from Sakhalin Island. | |
 | Russia | Controversial, diverged from the Chukotka sled dog in the 1930s. | |
 | Sakha Republic ofRussia | A multi-purpose laika breed, used both in bird and seal hunting, reindeer herding, and sled pulling. However, nowadays it is primarily a sled dog.[20] |
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