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Laguna | |
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.jpg) .jpg)  %2c_Calamba%2c_Laguna%2c_March_2023.jpg) .jpg)  From left-right, top-bottom: Laguna Provincial Capitol •Paete Church •Pagsanjan Falls •Rizal Shrine •Southwoods Mall •Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto: "Laban, Laguna!" | |
| Anthem: Martsa ng Laguna (Laguna March) | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:14°10′N121°20′E / 14.17°N 121.33°E /14.17; 121.33 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Calabarzon |
| Founded | July 28, 1571[1][2] |
| Named after | Laguna de Bay |
| Capital | Santa Cruz |
| Largest city | Biñan |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Marisol C. Aragones-Sampelo (AKAY) |
| • Vice Governor | Magtangol Jose C. Carait III (Lakas) |
| • Legislature | Laguna Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,917.85 km2 (740.49 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 63rd out of 81 |
| Highest elevation | 2,170 m (7,120 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[4] | |
• Total | 3,687,345 |
| • Rank | 3rd out of 81 |
| • Density | 1,922.65/km2 (4,979.63/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 3rd out of 81 |
| Demonyms |
|
| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 681 |
| • Districts | |
| Demographics | |
| • Ethnic groups | |
| • Languages | |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PHT) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)49 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-LAG |
| HDI |  0.732 (High) |
| HDI rank | 8th (2015) |
| Income classification | 1st class |
| Website | www |
Laguna[lɐˈɣuː.na], officially theProvince of Laguna (Filipino:Lalawigan ng Laguna), is aprovince in thePhilippines located in theCalabarzonregion inLuzon. Its capital isSanta Cruz while its largest city isBiñan. The province is situated southeast ofMetro Manila, south of the province ofRizal, west ofQuezon, north ofBatangas and east ofCavite. Laguna straddles the southern shores ofLaguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. As of the 2024 census, the total population of Laguna is 3,687,345.[4] Among all 82 provinces in the Philippines, Laguna accounted for the largest share (5%) of the nationalGross Domestic Product (GDP) with a total of Php 990.69 billion in 2022.[5]
Laguna is notable as the birthplace ofJosé Rizal, the country'sde facto national hero. It has numerous natural and cultural attractions such as Cavinti Falls akaPagsanjan Falls, theUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños and theUniversity of the Philippines Open University inLos Baños, the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes ofMount Makiling,Pila historic town plaza, Taytay Falls inMajayjay, the wood carvings andpapier-mâché created by the people ofPaete, the annualSampaguita Festival inSan Pedro, theturumba ofPakil, thetsinelas footwear fromLiliw, thePandan Festival ofLuisiana, thePinya Festival ofCalauan, theSeven Lakes of San Pablo, and theNagcarlan Underground Cemetery inNagcarlan.
Laguna is part of theGreater Manila Area alongside Cavite, Rizal, andBulacan.
Pre-Hispanic settlement in the area can be dated to prehistoric times, as evidenced in the names of towns such as Pila, Laguna, whose name can be traced to the straight mounds of dirt that form the boundaries of the rice paddy, orPilapil. The written history of the province of Laguna, (Lagoon inSpanish) and that of theSouthern Tagalog region, dates to 900 AD. TheLaguna Copperplate Inscription is the oldest known written document found in the Philippines. It notes that its subject was released from a debt to the King ofTondo.
A prominent figure during the time of pre-Hispanic contact isGat Pangil, a powerful native ruler in the area. The towns ofBay,Pangil andPakil were reputed to have once been a part of his domain, although accounts vary about his identity.
The province of Laguna, which was formerly calledLa Laguna andLa Provincia de la Laguna de Bay, was named afterLaguna de Bay, the body of water that forms its northern boundary.[6] Laguna de Bay, in turn, was named after the town ofBay, the first provincial capital. CaptainJuan de Salcedo with a band of one hundred Spanish-Mexican soldiers conquered the province and its surrounding regions for Spain in 1571. The province of La Laguna comprised the modern province of Laguna, as well as parts of what are now known asRizal andQuezon provinces.
In 1577, SpanishFranciscanmissionaries arrived inManila, and in 1578 they started evangelizing Laguna,Morong (nowRizal),Tayabas (nowQuezon) and theBicol Peninsula as part of the colonizing effort.Juan de Plasencia and Diego de Oropesa were the earliest Franciscans sent to these places. From 1580, the towns ofBay, Caliraya,Majayjay,Nagcarlan,Liliw,Pila,Santa Cruz,Lumban,Pangil andSiniloan were founded. During the time ofGovernor-GeneralGómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the province of La Laguna was divided into the followingencomiendas:[7][8][9]
By 1591, there were approximately 48,400 people living in the province.
Laguna was the site of multiple engagements during theSangley Rebellion, made up of Chinese-Filipino mestizos.[6] In 1603,Antonio de Morga relates how the Chinese rebels scattered to three divisions, one of which went to the mountains of San Pablo.[10] Captain Don Luys de Velasco, aided by Spanish and Filipino forces, was successful in pursuing the rebels. Eventually the Chinese were able to kill Luys de Velasco and ten of his men, before securing themselves in San Pablo while waiting for reinforcement from the mainland. On October 20, 1603, Governor-GeneralPedro Bravo de Acuña then sent Captain Cristoval de Axqueta Menchaca to pursue and crush the rebellion and was successful after twenty days of fighting.
Around this time the hot springs ofLos Baños andSan Pablo were known to the Spanish, and a hospital was built in the area. By 1622, the hospital was notable enough to be mentioned by the Archbishop of Manila at the time,Miguel García Serrano in his letter toKingPhilip IV.[11]
In 1639, a second rebellion involving the Chinese occurred, and the rebels fortified themselves in the highlands ofCavinti andLumban before surrendering inPagsanjan a year later.
In 1670, adelimitation of borders were made betweenLucban, Majayjay andCavite. The most populous town at that time,Bay, was capital of the province until 1688, when the seat of the provincial government was moved to Pagsanján. Pagsanján would be the provincial seat until 1858 when it was moved once again to Santa Cruz. In 1754, the province of Laguna andTayabas were divided, with the Malinao River separating the towns of Majayjay andLucban.[12]
In 1678, Fray Hernando Cabrera founded San Pablo de los Montes (nowSan Pablo City) and built a wooden church and convent considered as the best and finest in the province.[12]
Fighting extended to Laguna during theBritish occupation of Manila between the years of 1762–64. A detachment of British troops under Captain Thomas Backhouse entered the province in search of the silver cargo of the galleonFilipina while Francisco de San Juan led a band of volunteers that fought them in several engagements in and around the then provincial capital of Pagsanjan. Backhouse plundered the town and burned its newly reconstructed church but San Juan succeeded in escaping with the precious hoard to Pampanga where the treasure greatly bolstered the defense effort of Governor-GeneralSimón de Anda y Salazar. For his actions, San Juan was made a brigade commander andalcalde mayor of Tayabas (nowQuezon) province.[12]
In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing Indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.[13]
By the end of the 1700s, Laguna was a major province of 14,392 native families and 336Spanish Filipino families.[14]: 539 [15]: 31, 54, 113 There were also 2,000 Chinese-Filipino farmers/families.[16]
A major event in Laguna occurred in 1840, when religious intolerance led the people of Majayjay, Nagcarlan,Bay, andBiñan to join the revolt ofHermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz) ofLucban, Tayabas.[12] This revolt was eventually crushed by Governor-GeneralMarcelino de Oraá Lecumberri.
As part of political restructuring during the 19th century, the municipalities ofMorong,Pililla,Tanay,Baras,Binangonan,Jalajala,Angono andCardona were separated from Laguna and re-organized to the provincePolitico-Militar Distrito de Morong. In 1858, the provincial capital was once again moved from Pagsanjan to Santa Cruz, where it stands until today.
In 1861,José Rizal was born inCalamba toFrancisco Mercado andTeodora Alonso. Rizal would become one of the leading members of thePropaganda Movement, who advocated political reforms for the colony. Rizal would go on to write two novels,Noli Me Tángere andEl filibusterismo, which in part fueled additional anti-colonial sentiment, contributing to the eventualPhilippine Revolution. In 1896, thousands of inhabitants, especially of Bay,Los Baños,Nagcarlan,Magdalena,Santa Cruz, and Pagsanjan had joined the revolutionaryKatipunan.[12] Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. Today, Rizal is recognized as a national hero of the Philippines.
Laguna was one of the eight provinces torise in revolt against the Spanish misrule led by GeneralsPaciano Rizal in Calamba, Severino Taiño in Pagsanjan,Agueda Kahabagan inCalauan, andMiguel Malvar inBatangas.[6]Emilio Jacinto, known as the "brains of theKatipunan", also led forces in the province at the time.
One of the early engagements of the revolution was theBattle of Sambat, in Pagsanjan. Katipuneros from Laguna, led by Severino Taiño, took the city of Pagsanjan and attempted to use it as a starting point towards the liberation of the province, but was quelled by forces led byBasilio Augustín.[17]
The defeat in Sambat meant the end of large-scale organized revolt in Laguna, theMalungingnging chapter of the Katipunan failing to replicate the relative success of the revolution in Cavite. The revolutionaries resorted to hit-and-run and guerrilla tactics against the Spanish, lasting until thePact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14 to 15, 1897.[12]
Some revolutionaries continued the armed struggle after the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in refusal ofEmilio Aguinaldo's orders. Jacinto led a battle against Spanish troops inMagdalena in February 1898, but had to retreat after being shot in the hip. Jacinto would take refuge at the nearby church but was then arrested and jailed in Santa Cruz. Jacinto would escape by pretending to be a double agent for the Spanish, but would eventually contractmalaria and die in April 1899.[18]Pio del Pilar andPaciano Rizal led revolutionary troops to victory in theBattle of Calamba in May 1898, and the surrender of the last Spanish garrison in Laguna in Santa Cruz, on August 31 of the same year.
Laguna actively supported theFirst Philippine Republic proclaimed atMalolos on January 23, 1899. Its two delegates to theMalolos Congress were Don Higino Benítez and Don Graciano Cordero, both natives of Pagsanján.[12]
On the outbreak of thePhilippine–American War, GeneralsJuan Cailles andPaciano Rizal led the defense of Laguna during the war's early stages. TheBattle of Mabitac was fought in defense of the town ofMabitac and was won by Filipino forces. However, forces led byHenry W. Lawton fought and won inSanta Cruz,Pagsanjan, andPaete, effectively securing the province for American forces.
By the end of the war, the entire country was occupied by American forces and was taken as a colony. TheTaft Commission was established to govern the Philippines during the interim period, which appointed Juan Cailles as the provincial governor of Laguna. Act No. 83, or the Provincial Government Act, established a civilian government under American occupation.[19] During this time, roads were built, schools were established, and in 1917, theManila Railroad Company extended its line to Laguna as far as Pagsanjan.
In 1903, the town ofMuntinlupa became part of La Laguna and was annexed to the town of Biñan,[20] but was later returned to the province ofRizal in 1905.[21][22]
Resistance against the American occupation continued in Laguna.Teodoro Asedillo organized peasants inLongos,Cavinti,Paete, andSampaloc inTayabas province under theKatipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas, a labor federation opposed to American colonization.[23] Asedillo became a local legend in the area as aRobin Hood figure. A manhunt on Asedillo began in November 1935, eventually leading to his capture and execution.[24]: 365–366
On May 2, 1935, members of theSakdalista party inCabuyao and nearby towns took over the municipal hall and church as part of a general uprising with the main goal of achieving immediate independence from the United States.[25]: 3 Led bySalud Algabre, approximately 300 Sakdalistas[26] occupied the town hall and church of Cabuyao. The uprising was quelled the next day after members of the Philippine Constabulary led by Governor Cailles clamped down on the Sakdalistas. 50 Sakdalistas were killed with 22 suffering injuries.[26]
During theJapanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945), Laguna was a center of Filipino resistance despite the presence ofMakapili collaborators.[12]
Marking's Guerrillas raided the Cine Lumban in Laguna in June 1942 in an attempt to free the 115 AmericanPOWs. Only one American was rescued, Corporal George Lightman of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron, because the ranking American captain ordered his men to stay where they were. The Japanese executed 10 American prisoners in retribution.[27][28]
The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and thePhilippine Constabulary is a military unit organization was founded on January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, in the province of Laguna, and aided of the local military regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 4th and 42nd Infantry Division and the Philippine Constabulary 4th Constabulary Regiment. Started the engagements of the Anti-Japanese Military Operations in Southern Luzon,Mindoro andPalawan from 1942 to 1945 against theJapanese Imperial forces.[incomprehensible]
Beginning in 1945, attacks by the Filipino soldiers of the 4th, 42nd, 43rd, 45th, 46th and 47th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, 4th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the recognized guerrillas against Japanese forces in Laguna increased in anticipation of the Liberation of the Philippines by joint Filipino & American forces.[further explanation needed]
The International Rice Research Institute was established in 1960, during the presidency ofCarlos P. Garcia, and a site inLos Baños was selected to be its headquarters. By 1962 during the presidency ofDiosdado Macapagal, IRRI had begun research to develop the new high yield"Miracle Rice" (IR8) variety.[29] Enhanced by the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, IR8 would serve as the foundation for the brief success of the Philippine Government'sMasagana 99 agricultural program during the 1970s, although the program would fail in the 1980s mostly because of theMarcos administration's credit scheme did not work.[30]
The social unrest which arose whenFerdinand Marcos' debt-driven campaign spending led to the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis[31][32] spread beyond the capital and also triggered protests by students in Laguna, especiallyUP Los Baños.[33] Whenmartial law was declared in September 1972, Marcos cracked down on any form of criticism or activism, leading to the arrest of many of Laguna citizens. Among those who experiencedarrest and torture during martial law were Dr.Aloysius Baes, while among those who became desaparecidos wereTish Ladlad,Cristina Catalla,Gerardo "Gerry" Faustino,Rizalina Ilagan,Ramon Jasul, ProfessorJessica Sales, and Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resource Development artist-illustrator Manuel Ontong. Among those confirmed to have been martyred for their beliefs wereModesto "Bong" Sison, andManuel Bautista.[33][34][35]Camp Vicente Lim in theCanlubang district ofCalamba was among the many sites where prisons were put up to contain detainees who dared to criticize the Marcos administration.[36]
Laguna has been the victim of perennial flooding along the south and eastern coasts ofLaguna de Bay due to the 1977 cancellation of the Parañaque spillway project. The spillway had been the second part of a plan to reduce flooding on the lakeshore towns of Metro Manila in the 1970s, but the various economic crises of the 1970s led to a lack of budget, which meant that only theManggahan Floodway inRizal province was built.[37][38]: 61 The Floodway drew waters away from the Metro Manila lakeshore towns, but dumped them on to the lake. The cancellation of the Parañaque spillway meant that there was no way for the water levels of the lake to be reduced in turn.[39][40] Within the first year of Manggahan Floodway's completion in 1986, Laguna was hit by an unusual large flood which lasted for 2 months and resulted in high mortality and morbidity rates due togastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases.[41]
Laguna covers a total area of 1,917.85 km2 (740.49 sq mi)[42] occupying the north‑central section of theCalabarzon region inLuzon. The province is situated southeast ofMetro Manila, south ofRizal province, west ofQuezon, north ofBatangas and east ofCavite. Laguna is the third largest province in the Calabarzon region and the 63rd largest in the entire country. The municipalities ofCavinti and the city ofSan Pablo have the largest land areas with 203.58 km2 (78.60 sq mi) and 197.56 km2 (76.28 sq mi), respectively. The municipality ofVictoria has the smallest land area with 57.46 km2 (22.19 sq mi).
Laguna lies on the southern shores ofLaguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. The land near Laguna de Bay can be considered to be narrow and flat, while become more rugged going further inland towards the mountainous areas ofSierra Madre,Mount Makiling, andMount Banahaw.[43]
Laguna is home to24 mountains, most of which are inactive volcanoes. The highest peak in Laguna is Mt. Banahaw, with an elevation of 2,170 m (7,120 ft). Banahaw, unlike most other volcanoes in Laguna, is an activecomplexstratovolcano, which last erupted in 1843. Banahaw is located in the boundary of Laguna and Quezon and is home to multiple hot springs.[44] Laguna is also home to theLaguna Volcanic Field, which can be found near San Pablo. The LagunaVolcanic Field is composed of over 200dormant andmonogeneticmaars,crater lakes,scoria cones and stratovolcanoes, the tallest of which isMount Makiling at 1,090 m (3,580 ft) in elevation.
San Pablo itself is known for itsseven crater lakes, the largest of which isLake Sampaloc. Apart from Laguna de Bay and the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, there are also two reservoir lakes that can be found in Laguna, theLake Caliraya andLumot Lake. These two man-made lakes were formed by the creation of theCaliraya Dam and theLumot Dam.
Due to its proximity to Laguna de Bay, Laguna is home to a large number of its tributaries. One of the most famous rivers in Laguna is theBumbungan River, also known as the Pagsanjan River, named after the town ofPagsanjan and its falls. The Cavinti Falls, also known asPagsanjan Falls, lie at the end of the river. The Cavinti Falls are a three-drop waterfall with a longest drop of 120 m (390 ft).
Laguna has 60,624 ha (606.24 km2) of alienable and disposable agricultural land, mostly found near the low-lying areas. Around 41,253 ha (412.53 km2), or 23.44% of Laguna's total land area is forest land, situated near Mount Makiling and further south towards Quezon.[45] Laguna has an estimated 16,205 ha (162.05 km2) of forest cover, ranking it third in the region.[46]
The province is relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year for a small portion near the southern boundary. The other parts, west of Santa Cruz municipality, experience a dry season from November to April and rainy season during the rest of the year. The eastern and southernmost portions do not have distinct season, with rainfall more evenly distributed throughout the year.[47] Laguna is classified under theKöppen climate classification as predominantly having aTropical monsoon climate, mostly centered around the areas ofCalamba toCalauan. The area stretching fromBiñan toCabuyao is classified as having aTropical savanna climate, while the area fromLuisiana toPangil has atropical rainforest climate.[48]
Laguna comprises 24municipalities and 6cities. The provincial capital of Laguna isSanta Cruz. As of the 2024 census, there are 3,687,345 people in the province.[4]
The province is divided into four parts. The northwestern half consists of the component cities of San Pedro, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Cabuyao, and Calamba. The northeastern half is made up of the municipalities of Santa Maria, Mabitac, Famy, Siniloan, Pangil, Pakil, Paete, Kalayaan, and Lumban. The western half includes the municipalities of Los Baños, Bay, Calauan, Alaminos, and the component city of San Pablo. The eastern half is composed of the municipalities of Victoria, Pila, Santa Cruz (the capital), Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Magdalena, Majayjay, Pagsanjan, Luisiana, and Cavinti. Much of the population is concentrated in the northwestern and western halves of the province.
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| Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority[50][51][52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The population of Laguna in the 2020 census was 3,687,345 people,[4] with a density of 1,900 inhabitants per square kilometer or 4,900 inhabitants per square mile.Biñan is the most populous city in Laguna, accounting for 15.9% of the provincial population with 584,479 inhabitants, whileFamy is the smallest municipality in Laguna with a total population of 17,668. In terms of population density, San Pedro and Biñan have the largest with both having a density of 15,000/km2 (39,000/sq mi), while Cavinti is the smallest with a density of 120/km2 (310/sq mi). Most of the people in Laguna live in the cities of San Pedro, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Cabuyao, Calamba and San Pablo accounting to 70.7% of the population of the province. Laguna is the 3rd most populous province in the Philippines and also the 3rd densest. Laguna has a median age of 24.9 years.[53]
| Ethnicity | Population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tagalog | 2,894,851 (85.82%) | |||
| Bicolano | 162,961 (4.83%) | |||
| Bisaya | 140,890 (4.18%) | |||
| Ilocano | 44,173 (1.31%) | |||
| Hiligaynon | 36,695 (1.09%) | |||
| Waray | 24,336 (0.72%) | |||
| Cebuano | 10,508 (0.31%) | |||
| Pangasinan | 10,330 (0.31%) | |||
| Others | 47,991 (1.42%) | |||
| Not Reported | 41 (0%) | |||
Being in the middle of theSouthern Tagalog Region, almost all people in Laguna speakTagalog, with 99.2% of the population being fluent in it. It is spoken with a dialect greatly influenced from those spoken in the neighboringCavite,Batangas,Rizal,Quezon andBulacan, and has several variants in each municipality. There is a minority of people fluent inBicolano,Hiligaynon,Karay-a,Ilocano,Cuyunon,Pangasinan andWaray. A significant portion of the workforce in Laguna can read and speak English andFilipino.[55] In 2015, literacy in Laguna was at 99.6%.[53]
According to the 2020Philippine Statistics Authority census, 3.327 million Lagunenses identify as members of a religion, spread across 127 churches and denominations. The largest religion in Laguna is theRoman Catholic Church which represents 2.974 million Lagunenses or 88% of the population. There are 88 Catholic churches in Laguna,[57] including some of the oldest churches in the Philippines. Catholics in Laguna also followcultural and religious observances practiced in the country, such as theVisita Iglesia and other observances.
Outside of Catholicism, theIglesia ni Cristo has 4-5% of the Listing Members in the province,Iglesia Filipina Independiente, andJesus is Lord Church have relatively significant population of Christian adherents. Other denominations such asmainline Protestantism,charismatics, andevengalicals also have churches in Laguna. Overall, these non-Catholic denominations make up for 10.12% of the total population of Laguna.
Non-Christian adherents practiceIslam,Buddhism,Anitism, or some other religion. Some number of Lagunenses also identified asatheist.[56] The City ofBinan has an Office of Muslim Affairs to handle concerns from the Muslim community within the city.
No other province besides Cavite experienced the rapid economic growth of Laguna between the late 1960s to the mid-1980s.
Present-day Laguna shows a thriving highly developed mixed economy. With a population of 3,382,193 (2020 census),[4] and a total area of 1,760 km2 (680 sq mi) of land, Laguna produces millions of pesos worth of coconuts, rice, sugar, citrus fruits,lanzones and other products. Tourists flock to its beauty spots, especiallyPagsanjan Falls,Calamba andLos Bañoshot springs,Mount Makiling,Caliraya Lake and many others. Levels of development vary. The towns nearMetro Manila have become industrialized whereas the inner towns continue to engage in agricultural production or pursue agri-based industries and cottage and small-scale industries.[12] In 2015, Laguna was reported to have anequity of₱4.474 billion, the second highest in the region behindCavite.[66]
Laguna is labeled as the "Detroit of the Philippines" because of the presence of major vehicle manufacturers in the city ofSanta Rosa. It is also considered the "Silicon Valley of the Philippines" because of the vast number of electronic and semi-conductor companies operating in the province. Laguna is also the "Resort Capital of the Philippines", for it houses more than 700 hot spring resorts in the areas ofCalamba andLos Baños.[67][45]
The main natural resources of Laguna are in its agriculture and fisheries, owing to its position near Laguna de Bay and the surrounding lowlands.
There are about forty rivers in Laguna with a total area of almost 0.5 km2 (0.19 sq mi).[citation needed]Laguna de Bay has an approximate area of 3,800 square kilometers (1,500 sq mi) broken down into 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi) of land and 900 km2 (350 sq mi) of lake proper with 220 km (140 mi) shoreline. The shores of Laguna de Bay provide fishing grounds capable of producing 41,000 metric tons (41,000,000 kg) of fish, or roughly two-thirds of the fresh water fish requirements ofMetro Manila.[45]
Laguna has an estimated 300,000,000 US gallons (1,100,000 m3) of underground water. At least seven principal water basins in the province with a total of 5,773 square kilometers (2,229 sq mi) drainage area and 1,316 square kilometers (508 sq mi) level area provide an estimated 9.238 square kilometers (3.567 sq mi) total run-off annually.[45] There are two major watershed reserves in Laguna, the Malabanban Cabunsod Watershed Forest Reserve inSan Pablo, and the Caliraya-Lumot River Watershed Forest Reserve, which spans the municipalities ofPaete,Cavinti,Kalayaan, andLumban. Overall, these two watersheds span an area of 11,164.71 hectares (27,588.6 acres).[68]
Laguna has a relatively small mining industry compared to the other provinces in the region, with only 11 non-metallic mines registered in the region, and only 8 of which are operating. These mines are found inSanta Cruz,Magdalena,Siniloan, Lumban, and San Pablo. A total of 39.7823 hectares (0.397823 km2) are used for mining purposes.[69] Aggregates make up the largest amount in Laguna's mineral industry, with a value of₱16,995,923. Overall, Laguna's mining economy contributes 8.87% to the region's total mining economy.[70]
Laguna has 60,624 hectares (149,810 acres) of alienable and disposable agricultural land. About 41,253 hectares (101,940 acres) or 23.44% of Laguna's total land area is forest land.[45] In 2002, there were 38,445 farms in Laguna. The top five crops produced in Laguna arerice,maize,coconuts,mangoes, andbananas.[53] Other crops grown in the province includeRobusta coffee,[71]pineapple,lanzones,rambutan,[72] andsugarcane.[73] Calamba was once the site of asugar cane mill, although the decline of the sugar industry during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in its eventual shutdown.
Rice farming is an important part of Laguna's agriculture, with approximately 30,619 ha (306.19 km2) of land used for cultivating 130,904 metric tons (130,904,000 kg) of rice.[53]Los Baños is also the site of multiple research institutions specializing in rice, such as theInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) and the Southeast Asian Regional center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), among others.[45]
Laguna de Bay, with a surface area of 900 kilometers (560 mi), is the province's main fishing ground producing 410,000 metric tons (410,000,000 kg) of fish. Carp and tilapia fingerlings are also being grown in inland ponds and freshwater fish pens. There are a total of 457 operators utilizing an area of 1,839 ha (18.39 km2) for fish pens and fish cages. Aside from Laguna de Bay, approximately 12% of the area in theSeven Lakes of San Pablo is being used foraquaculture.
Laguna hosts numerous industrial estates and IT parks registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), with major concentrations in the cities of Santa Rosa, Biñan, and Calamba.[74]
In 2019, a 2.16 MWp commercial rooftop solar project at New Zealand Creamery in Calamba received the Asian Power Awards’ “Solar Power Project of the Year – Philippines”.[75][76]
The province also has a growing IT–business process management (IT–BPM) presence in its urban centers; PEZA lists several IT parks and an IT center in Laguna.[74]
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Laguna has a total of 348 kilometers (216 mi) of national roads, all paved.[77] Daang Maharlika/Manila South Road (Route 1,AH26),Calamba–Pagsanjan Road (Route 66) andManila East Road (Route 601, Route 602), Pagsanjan–Lucban Road (Route 603) andBay–Calauan–San Pablo Road (Route 67), form the highway network backbone, and secondary and tertiary national roads interconnect most municipalities, with Magdalena only connected by provincial road. Provincial roads serves as a supplement to the national roads, and connects barangays and municipalities not connected to the main network. The highway network is interconnected with nearby provinces and Metro Manila.
TheSouth Luzon Expressway (SLEX) passes through Laguna. TheCavite–Laguna Expressway begins inBiñan and connects the province to Cavite. A public-private partnership initiative of the national government include plans to build a circumferential road along Laguna de Bay shoreline, theLaguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike (or C-6 Extension),[78] fromSan Pedro toLos Baños. Some of the proposed road networks include theCalamba–Los Baños Expressway.[45][79]
Three power generating plants are operating in the province.[45]
Meralco, the main electricity distributor of Metro Manila, has also the franchise for most of Laguna.[45] Most of the municipalities in the 4th District, however, are franchise areas of First Laguna Electric Cooperative (FLECO).
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The seat of the provincial government of Laguna isSanta Cruz, and has been the capital since 1858. Historically, the provincial government was seated inBay (1581–1688) andPagsanjan (1688–1858) before setting in Santa Cruz.
The provincial government is organized under agovernor and vice governor, as well as theLaguna Provincial Board. Laguna is divided to four districts and one district each for Biñan, Calamba, and Santa Rosa for the purposes of electing members of the provincial board and a member of the House of Representatives. On a municipal level, the province is governed by mayors and their own legislatures, theSangguniang Panlungsod andSangguniang Bayan for cities and municipalities, respectively. Each municipality is further composed for barangays, which are headed by aPunong Barangay and legislated by aSangguniang Barangay.
The governor of Laguna isSol Aragones since June 2025.
| Governor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marisol Aragones-Sampelo | ||||
| Vice governor | ||||
| Magtangol Jose Carait III | ||||
| Provincial board | ||||
| 1st District | Rafael Campos | Bernadeth Olivares | ||
| 2nd District | Neptali Bagnes | Tito Fortunato Caringal II | ||
| 3rd District | Karla Monica Adajar-Lajara | Angelica Jones Alarva | ||
| 4th District | Jam Agarao | Rai-Ann San Luis | ||
| Biñan | Wilfredo Bejasa Jr. | Flaviano "Jigcy" D. Pecaña Jr. | ||
| Calamba | Princess Lajara | Dyan Espiridion | ||
| Santa Rosa | Jose Cartaño | Arnel Gomez | ||
| ABC | Lorenzo Zuñiga Jr. | |||
| PCL | Arvin L. Manguiat | |||
| SK | Bhenj Stephen Felismino | |||
On the legislative level, the province is divided into sevenlegislative districts, each of which elect their own representative to theHouse of Representatives.
| District | Representative |
|---|---|
| 1st District | Ann Matibag |
| 2nd District | Ramil Hernandez |
| 3rd District | Loreto Amante |
| 4th District | Benjamin Agarao Jr. |
| Lone District of Biñan | Arman Dimaguila |
| Lone District of Calamba | Charisse Anne Hernandez |
| Lone District of Santa Rosa | Roy M. Gonzales |
Laguna is a major contributor to the development of arts in the Philippines. Paete is known as the "Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines"[80] for the murals found in theSaint James the Apostle Parish Church. The church houses three murals created by Luciano Dans depicting images of Heaven, Earth, and Hell, as well as other murals ofSaint Christopher. Some of these murals, however, need restoration as they have been infested by termites.Manuel Baldemor is an internationally acclaimed woodcarver born in Paete. Another famous icon in Laguna is theOur Lady of Turumba, found inPakil.
Much like the rest of the country, Laguna celebrates multiple feasts and festivals throughout the year. Each barangay has their own fiesta in homage to a patron saint. Some of Laguna's famous festivals include the Turumba Festival in Pakil, the Pinya Festival inCalauan, and the Tsinelas Festival inLiliw.
Laguna has a large tourist industry, owing to its historical and natural resources. TheDepartment of Tourism currently accredits two hotels, one inn, six resorts, one establishment, one restaurant, four tour operations, four tour guides, and two museums in the province.[81] Laguna also has a total of 239 accredited tourist attractions, the second largest in the region behind Batangas. Tourism in Laguna is significant, although most of the visitors to tourist spots are foreigners, as opposed to other provinces in Calabarzon.[82]
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Owing to its long history, Laguna has a host of sites that showcase the different periods of history in Laguna. TheRizal Shrine in Calamba is the ancestral home of the Philippines'national hero,José Rizal. Other historical sites include the Alberto House in Biñan, theCuartel de Santo Domingo in Santa Rosa, thePagsanjan Municipal Hall, thePagsanjan Arch, theNagcarlan Underground Cemetery, the ancestral homes and Pinagbayanan crematorium in Pila,Emilio Jacinto Shrine in Santa Cruz, theBaker Memorial Hall inUP Los Baños, and the Tipakan in Luisiana.
Other historical markers include the Japanese Garden in Cavinti and the Homma-Yamashita Shrine in Los Baños, both of which commemorate theJapanese occupation of the Philippines during the Second World War, the memorial sites of theBattle of Sambat in Pagsanjan and theBattle of Mabitac in Mabitac, and the Bantayog ng Kagitingan, Bantayog ng mga Bayani, Trece Martires Monument, and the Bonifacio Monument in San Pablo.[83]
There are multiple historical and educational museums in Laguna in addition to its historical sites, such as the Pila Memorial Museum in Pila, the Salvador Laurel Museum and Library in San Pedro,[84] the Museo de Santa Rosa in Santa Rosa, the Danilo Daleňa House of Paintings in Pakil, the Bahay Laguna in Magdalena, and the Monterola Museum in Nagcarlan.[85] Los Baños is home to multiple museums, such as theIRRI Riceworld Museum, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Wildlife Collections of Dr. Dioscoro Rabor, and the Entomology Museum.[86]
Laguna is home to some of the oldest churches in the Philippines, dating back to the end of the 16th century. TheSt. James the Apostle Parish Church in Paete, and theSaint Gregory the Great Parish Church in Majayjay are considered to be some of the oldest in the province, dating as far back as 1578 and 1571, respectively.
Other historical churches in the provinces include theSaint Paul the First Hermit Cathedral in San Pablo (the see of the Bishop of theRoman Catholic Diocese of San Pablo), theTransfiguration of our Lord Parish Church in Cavinti, theNuestra Señora de Candelaria Parish Church in Mabitac, theImmaculate Conception Parish Church in Los Baños, theSaint John the Baptist Church in Liliw, theSt. John the Baptist Church in Calamba, where Rizal wasbaptized, theSaint Peter of Alcantara Parish Church in Pakil, which houses theOur Lady of Turumba painting, theImmaculate Conception Parish Church in Santa Cruz, St. Polycarp Church and the Diocesan Shrine of San Vicente Ferrer in Cabuyao,Santa Rosa de Lima Parish Church in Santa Rosa, and the Diocesan Shrine of Jesus in the Holy Sepulchre (Lolo Uweng) and the San Pedro Apostol Parish Church in San Pedro. Lolo Uweng Church was known as the "Quiapo Church of the South."[87]
Laguna contains many natural tourist spots, owing to its geography and climate. Laguna is home to theLaguna Volcanic Field, a group of 200 volcanoes and maars. The highest feature of these fields isMount Makiling, which is also considered to be a holy mountain. TheSeven Lakes of San Pablo are also part of this field. The highest peak in Laguna isMount Banahaw, which it shares with the province of Quezon. Laguna also features multiple waterfalls, such as thePagsanjan Falls, the Buruwisan Falls in Siniloan, the Botocan and Taytay Falls in Majayjay, the Talon ng Aliw and the Hulugan Falls, both in Luisiana. Other attractions in the province include the Cavinti Underground River and Caves Complex, the Simbahang Bato in Luisiana, the Dalitiwan River in Majayjay, and the Crocodile Park in Los Baños.[88]
There are also multiple man-made tourist attractions and parks located in Laguna. TheEnchanted Kingdom theme park is found in Santa Rosa and is accredited by the Department of Tourism. Other parks in Laguna include the Valesol Haven, the Boy Scouts of the Philippines Camp, the Maria Makiling Park, and the Makiling Botanical Garden, all found in Los Baños; the Wawa Park in Paete, and the Public Plaza of San Pablo.
Calamba and Los Baños are famous for its resorts and hot springs, lending to it the title of "Resort Capital of the Philippines". Other sites include the Turumba Swimming Pool in Pakil, theCaliraya Lake, Dagatan Boulevard in San Pablo, and the Sampaloc Lake Staircase.[89]
| No grade completed | 53,694 | |||
| Pre-school | 67,512 | |||
| Elementary | 673,229 | |||
| High school | 1,169,174 | |||
| Post-secondary | 64,042 | |||
| College undergraduate | 330,952 | |||
| Academic degree holder | 368,948 | |||
| Post-baccalaureate | 3,502 | |||
| Not stated | 1,140 | |||
| No grade completed | 28 | |||
| Pre-school | 6 | |||
| Elementary | 3,298 | |||
| High school | 17,773 | |||
| Post-secondary | 7,333 | |||
| College undergraduate | 10,041 | |||
| Academic degree holder | 21,557 | |||
| Post-baccalaureate | 214 | |||
| Not stated | 44 | |||
Education rates in Laguna are high. In 2015, there were approximately 2,734,045 out of 3,035,081 people, which 90.1% of the total population, having attained some form of education. The literacy rate of Laguna in 2015 was 99.6%.[53] Most people in Laguna are high school graduates, while most overseas workers from Laguna have a college degree.
There are 586 public schools in Laguna, composed of 458 public schools and 128 secondary schools. The city ofSan Pablo has the greatest number of public schools with 79, while the municipality ofRizal has the least with four.[90]
Laguna is home to multiple schools and universities. There are an estimated 18 universities and 37 colleges in the province. There are threestate universities in Laguna with a total of 11 campuses:Laguna State Polytechnic University,Pamantasan ng Cabuyao,Polytechnic University of the Philippines, and theUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños. UPLB is also one of theoldest universities in the Philippines, having been established in 1909. TheInternational Rice Research Institute can be found within the UPLB campus and is known internationally for its work in developing rice technologies.
There are also multiple private colleges in Laguna. Some colleges and universities with main campuses inMetro Manila have also established satellite campuses in Laguna, such asLyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna,De La Salle University – Laguna Campus,Colegio San Agustin,La Consolacion College,San Sebastian College – Recoletos,Colegio de San Juan de Letran,Mapúa Malayan Colleges Laguna,National University Laguna, andOur Lady of Fatima University – Laguna Campus. Most recently, theUniversity of Santo Tomas andUniversity of the East have announced that they will establish their respective campus in Santa Rosa.
Notable alumni from colleges in Laguna includeTeodoro Casiño, a former member of the House of Representatives;Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., the chairman ofSan Miguel Corporation; andJerrold Tarog, film director.
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