Ladysmith Emnambithi | |
|---|---|
| uMnambithi | |
 Ladysmith central business district | |
  Ladysmith  Ladysmith  Ladysmith | |
| Coordinates:28°33′35″S29°46′50″E / 28.55972°S 29.78056°E /-28.55972; 29.78056 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| District | Uthukela |
| Municipality | Alfred Duma |
| Established | 1850[1] |
| Area | |
• Total | 84.13 km2 (32.48 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
• Total | 64,855 |
| • Density | 770.9/km2 (1,997/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| • Black African | 73.3% |
| • Indian/Asian | 15.0% |
| • White | 8.3% |
| • Coloured | 2.9% |
| • Other | 0.5% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| • Zulu | 64.3% |
| • English | 22.8% |
| • Afrikaans | 6.3% |
| • Sotho | 2.2% |
| • Other | 4.5% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 3370 |
| PO box | 3370 |
| Area code | 036 |
| Website | ladysmith.kzn.org.za |
Ladysmith, officially known asuMnambithi since 2024,[3][4][5] is a town that serves as the seat of both theAlfred Duma Local Municipality and theUthukela District Municipality inKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) north-west ofDurban and 365 kilometres (227 mi) south-east ofJohannesburg. Important industries in the area include food processing, textiles, and tyre production.
The town was named afterJuana María de los Dolores de León Smith, also known as "Lady Smith," the Spanish wife ofSir Harry Smith, the Governor of theCape Colony from 1847–1852. It held strategic importance during theSecond Boer War when, afternumerous small skirmishes, it wasbesieged by Boer forces on 2 November 1899. After three British attempts to relieve the defenders and one Boer attempt to take the town all failed, the siege was eventually broken on 28 February 1900. BothWinston Churchill andMahatma Gandhi were present at the siege, the former as awar correspondent and the latter as a stretcher-bearer.
In 1900, the unincorporated town of Oyster Harbour on the east coast ofVancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, was renamedLadysmith byJames Dunsmuir in honour of the lifting of the siege of Ladysmith.
In 2023, it was proposed for Ladysmith to be renamed to uMnambithi.[6] The name change officially took place in March 2024.[3][4][5]
In 1847, after buying land from theZulu kingMpande, a number ofBoers settled in the area and called it theRepublic of Klip River (Afrikaans:Klip Rivier Republiek) withAndries Spies as their commandant. The republic was annexed by the British in the same year and on 20 June 1850 was proclaimed a township called Windsor.[7] On 11 October 1850, the name was changed to Ladysmith afterJuana María de los Dolores de León Smith, also known as "Lady Smith," the Spanish wife ofSir Harry Smith, the Governor of theCape Colony and high commissioner in South Africa from 1847 to 1852. A fort was built in 1860 to protect the villagers from the Zulu.[7][8]
During theSecond Boer War, British Lieutenant-GeneralSir George White made Ladysmith his centre of operations for the protection of Natal against Boer forces.[9] Starting on 29 October 1899, a number of short-lived battles were fought for control of the town, but after suffering heavy casualties British forces retreated to Ladysmith, though the Boers did not make use of this opportunity to follow up their successes and take control of the town. Following the battles, while British forces under White regrouped in the town, the Boers surrounded Ladysmith. Thesiege of Ladysmith lasted 118 days, from 2 November 1899 to 28 February 1900, during the most crucial stage of the war.[10]
Three attempts by General SirRedvers Buller to break the siege resulted in Boer victories at the battles ofColenso,Spion Kop andVaal Krantz. On 6 January 1900, Boer forces under Commandant-GeneralPiet Joubert attempted to end the siege by taking the town before the British could launch another attempt to break the siege. This led to thebattle of Platrand (or Wagon Hill) south of the town. British forces under Buller finally broke the siege on 28 February 1900 after defeating the Boers by using close cooperation between his infantry and artillery.Winston Churchill, then a young war correspondent forThe Morning Post of London, was present at the relief of Ladysmith after having been taken prisoner (between Ladysmith and Colenso) and escaping earlier during the war.[11][12][13]Mohandas Gandhi, along with the stretcher-bearing corps that he had established earlier during the war, was involved in a number of actions that took place in and around Ladysmith during the relief.[14]
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Ladysmith is located on the banks of theKlip River ("stone river"), with the central business district and a large part of the residential areas located within the flood basin of the river. It is on the foothills of theDrakensberg mountains, about 26 km from theVan Reenen's Pass. The town has asubtropical highland climate (Cwb, according to theKöppen climate classification), with warm summers and cool, dry winters. It borders on ahumid subtropical climate (Cwa). The average annual precipitation is 639 mm (25 in), with most rainfall occurring during summer.
Since it was established the town has suffered severely from flooding of theKlip River. During the 110 years up to 1997 with the completion of theQedusizi Dam,[15] 29 serious floods occurred.[16] Minor flooding occurred almost every year. The worst flooding in 30 years occurred in 1996 leading toR500 million in damages and the evacuation of 400 families.[17] Efforts to control the flooding date back to the 1940s. In 1949 theWindsor Dam was completed, but this dam silted up very quickly and was not an effective means of flood control.[16]
| Climate data for Ladysmith (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 27.7 (81.9) | 25.1 (77.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.7 (72.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.4 (81.3) | 29.2 (84.6) | 25.4 (77.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 10.9 (51.6) | 6.4 (43.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.5 (36.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 10.0 (50.0) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 10.7 (51.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 145 (5.7) | 106 (4.2) | 90 (3.5) | 39 (1.5) | 14 (0.6) | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 26 (1.0) | 38 (1.5) | 77 (3.0) | 91 (3.6) | 112 (4.4) | 749 (29.4) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.4 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 6.1 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 9.7 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 93.6 |
| Source:World Meteorological Organization[18] | |||||||||||||
Ladysmith is served by a smallairport, (IATA:LAY,ICAO:FALY) located on the western outskirts of the town just below Platrand at28°34′48″S29°45′10″E / 28.58000°S 29.75278°E /-28.58000; 29.75278 (Ladysmith Aerodrome).
The Danskraal Yard is located on theFree State main line and theGlencoe–Vryheid line and acts as a depot for train marshalling and maintenance as well as rail maintenance.[19] The passenger station is located some distance away from Danskraal close to the Central Business District.
TheN11 links Ladysmith withNewcastle in the north and with the N3 Freeway in the south-west, while theR103 provides access toColenso in the south and the N3 Freeway in the west.[20] Traffic traveling betweenDurban andJohannesburg used to pass through Ladysmith up until the late 1980s, but the completion of theN3 Toll Highway, bypassing Ladysmith 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the west, has caused a dramatic drop in traffic volumes through this town as well as others that are now bypassed.[21] In that regard, the old main road through Ladysmith is now designated as the R103.[20]
The only sold local newspaper in Ladysmith is theLadysmith Gazette. It is believed to have been established in 1902, and is part of the Caxton Group of newspapers. Two free local newspapers are theLadysmith Herald and theTimes of Ladysmith..[22]5 South African Infantry Battalion is based in Ladysmith.[23] A militaryshooting range is located on the outskirts of the town between the Aerodrome and Platrand.
Other buildings of interest are the Siege Museum, built in 1884 as a marketplace and opened as a museum in 1995.[24] Detailing the battles and history at the time of the Siege, the museum holds around 60,000 documents related to the Siege and the Boer War.[25] The Town Hall was damaged by Boer artillery during theSecond Boer War. A large number of theSecond Boer War Battlefields around Ladysmith have been preserved as memorial sites. Monuments and memorials to those who died during the battles have been erected at most of them. TwoRML 6.3 inch Howitzers used by the British during the Siege stand in front of the Town Hall.
Located just south of the town, the Platrand/Wagon Hill area saw action during the Relief of Ladysmith. The Burgher Memorial on Wagon Hill, a sculpture of six hands pointing upwards and one downwards, was erected in 1979 in honour of 781 Boer forces killed in the battles inNatal during theSecond Boer War. A crypt at the center contains the remains of 310 re-interred burghers.[26][27] On Platrand there are memorials to theImperial Light Horse, theDevonshire Regiment, theEarl of Ava and a number of others.
Ladysmith is the hometown ofJoseph Shabalala, founder of the groupLadysmith Black Mambazo.[28]Thulani "Sugar Boy" Malinga, a champion boxer, was born in Ladysmith.[29]Thamsanqa Gabuza, a soccer player, who plays for Orlando Pirates, was born in Ladysmith.
Christianity has a strong presence in and around Ladysmith. It can be seen through the places of worship built around the time of the Anglo Boer wars. One such structure includes the Anglican All Saints Church, built in 1902 from cut flagstones from a quarry in the area.Islam also has a strong presence in the town, which is well known for the Soofie Mosque on the banks of the Klip River. Built in 1969, it is regarded as one of the finest in the country. The origins of the structure date back to 1895 whenHazrath Soofie Saheb arrived in South Africa. He made it his mission to build as many as 12 mosques along the east coast of Durban. Ladysmith was also the home of a revered saint known asHazrath Soofie Sayed Mahomed Abed Mia Osmani, who is buried in the Ladysmith Muslim Cemetery.[30][31]
ForHinduism, Sanathan Dharma Sabha was inaugurated to promote religious, social, cultural and education activities in Ladysmith in 1902. The oldest Hindu temple resulted from the amalgamation of Hindu Thirukootam (1910) with the Shree Ganaser Temple and hall erected in 1916. It was declared a national monument in November 1990. The present site of the SDS temple (Sanathan Dharma Sabha aka Lord Vishnu Temple) also housed Mahatma Gandhi who established a non-White Stretcher-bearer service in the Ambulance Corps in the Ladysmith and Spioenkop during the Anglo-Boer War.
There are alsoRastafarian devotees within the areas surrounding Ladysmith, residing in Waters Meet, Peace Town, eZakheni, Steadville, Saint Chads, Acaciaville and Roosbom.
Media related toLadysmith, KwaZulu-Natal at Wikimedia CommonsMunicipalities and communities ofUThukela District Municipality,KwaZulu-Natal | ||
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District seat:Ladysmith | ||
| Alfred Duma | .svg) | |
| Inkosi Langalibalele | ||
| Okhahlamba | ||
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