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TheLadinian is astage andage in theMiddle Triassic series orepoch. It spans the time between 241.464Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago).^[8] The Ladinian was preceded by theAnisian and succeeded by theCarnian (part of theUpper or Late Triassic).^[9]

The Ladinian is coeval with theFalangian regional stage used inChina.

Stratigraphic definitions

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The GSSP of the Ladinian at Bagolino in Italy

The Ladinian was established by Austrian geologistAlexander Bittner in 1892. Its name comes from theLadin people that live in theItalian Alps (in theDolomites, then part ofAustria-Hungary).

The base of the Ladinian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where theammonite speciesEoprotrachyceras curionii first appears or the first appearance of the conodontBudurovignathus praehungaricus. The global reference profile for the base (theGSSP) is at anoutcrop in theriver bed of theCaffaro river atBagolino, in theprovince of Brescia, northernItaly.^[10] The top of the Ladinian (the base of the Carnian) is at the first appearance of ammonite speciesDaxatina canadensis.

The Ladinian is sometimes subdivided into two subages or substages, the Fassanian (early or lower) and the Longobardian (late or upper). The Ladinian contains four ammonite biozones, which are evenly distributed among the two substages:

zone ofFrechites regoledanus
zone ofProtrachyceras archelaus
zone ofProtrachyceras gredleri
zone ofEoprotrachyceras curionii

Ladinian life

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Main page:Category:Ladinian life

Notable formations

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UpperBesano Formation (Switzerland and Italy)
Erfurt Formation /Lower Keuper (Germany)
Jilh Formation (Saudi Arabia)
Meride Limestone (Switzerland and Italy)
Upper Muschelkalk (central Europe)
Perledo-Varenna Formation (Italy)
Prosanto Formation (Switzerland)
Zhuganpo Formation / Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation (late Ladinian - early Carnian) (Guizhou andYunnan,China)

References

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Notes

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^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020)."Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery".Frontiers in Earth Science.8 (196): 196.Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W.doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".Trends in Ecology & Evolution.22 (10):548–557.doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003.PMID 17919771.
^Retallack, G. J.;Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996)."Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants".GSA Bulletin.108 (2):195–207.Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R.doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004)."Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction".Science.305 (5683):506–9.Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P.doi:10.1126/science.1097023.PMID 15273391.S2CID 35498132.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2025.
^Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005)."The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale".Episodes.28 (4):233–244.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. Retrieved23 December 2020.
^Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012)."The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)"(PDF).Episodes.35 (3):414–430.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003. Retrieved13 December 2020.
^"ICS - Chart/Time Scale"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2025-01-01. Retrieved2025-01-14.
^For a detailedgeologic timescale see Gradsteinet al. (2004)
^The GSSP was established by Bracket al. (2005)

Literature

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Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.;2005:The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes28(4), pp. 233–244.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.;2004:A Geologic Time Scale 2004,Cambridge University Press.

External links

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Media related toLadinian at Wikimedia Commons

GeoWhen Database - Ladinian Archived 2010-08-22 at theWayback Machine
Upper Triassic andLower Triassic timescales, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy:Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic,[1] and[2]

45°49′09″N10°28′16″E / 45.8193°N 10.4710°E /45.8193; 10.4710

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)