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Labaya (Labayu orLib'ayu) was the ruler ofShechem and warlord in the central hill country of southernCanaan during theAmarna Period (c. 1350 BC). He lived contemporaneously with PharaohAkhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of theAmarna Letters (abbreviated "EA", for 'elAmarna'). He is the author of lettersEA 252–54.
Labaya was active over the whole length of Samaria and slightly beyond, as he gave land toHabiru in the vicinity of Šakmu (Shechem) and he and his sons threatened such powerful towns asJerusalem and Gazru (Gezer) to the south, andMegiddo to the north.
The Amarna letters give an incomplete look at Labaya's career. In the first of Labaya's letters thus far discovered (EA 252), he defends himself to thePharaoh against complaints of other city rulers about him, for example, the complaint that he has hired mercenaries from among the Habiru. Labaya further admitted to having invaded Gezer and insulting its kingMilkilu. He denied any knowledge of his son's alleged collaboration with the Habiru:
To the king, my lord and my Sun: Thus Lab'ayu, your servant and the dirt on which you tread. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord and my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. I have obeyed the orders that the king wrote to me. Who am I that the king should lose his land on account of me? The fact is that I am a loyal servant of the king! I am not a rebel and I am not delinquent in duty. I have not held back my payments of tribute; I have not held back anything requested by my commissioner. He denounces me unjustly, but the king, my Lord, does not examine my (alleged) act of rebellion. Moreover, my act of rebellion is this: when I entered Gazru-(Gezer), I kept on saying, "Everything of mine the king takes, but where is what belongs toMilkilu? " I know the actions of Milkilu against me! Moreover, the king wrote for my son. I did not know that my son was consorting with the'Apiru. I hereby hand him over toAddaya-(commissioner). Moreover, how, if the king wrote for my wife, how could I hold her back? How, if the king wrote to me, "Put a bronze dagger into your heart and die", how could I not execute the order of the king?
Other Canaanite rulers, such asAbdi-Heba of Jerusalem, complained of Labaya's depredations (e.g. EA 289)[2] but note that in later years, Abdi-Heba would himself be referred to as "another Labaya" in EA 280.[3] Labaya was accused of capturing cities that were underEgyptian protection.Biridiya, the king of Megiddo, accused him of besieging his city:
Say to the king-(pharaoh), my lord and my Sun: Message of Biridiya, the loyal servant of the king, I fall at the feet of the king, my lord and my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that since the return (to Egypt) of the [Egyptian]-archers, Lab'ayu has waged war against me. We are thus unable to do the plucking: Ka-Zi-ra (harvesting), and we are unable to get out of thecity gate, because of Lab'ayu. When he learned that archers were not coming out, he immediately determined to take Magidda. May the king save his city lest Lab'ayu seize it. Look, the city is consumed by pestilence, by.... ...So may the king give a garrison of 100 men to guard his city lest Lab'ayu seize it. Look, Lab'ayu has no other purpose. He seeks simply the seizure of Maggida.
— (EA 244)[4]
After receiving numerous complaints about Labaya's behavior, the pharaoh (probablyAmenhotep III) finally ordered several Canaanite rulers to take Labaya prisoner and send him to Egypt. Biridiya, ruler of Megiddo, wrote to the pharaoh thatZurata, governor ofAkko, had captured Labaya, but accepted a bribe from the latter and released him (EA 245).[5]
Labaya was eventually killed by the citizens ofGina (Beth-Hagan, possibly modern-dayJenin). His death was reported to the Pharaoh's agent,Balu-Ur-Sag, by Labaya's two sons. The sons of Labaya continued to campaign against other Egyptian vassals in Canaan. One of Labaya's sons,Mutbaal, ruledPella in theTrans-Jordanian part of Canaan.Biryawaza, king ofDamascus, was eventually asked to take armed action against Labaya's sons (EA 250).[6]
Labaya's name is referenced in fourteen el Amarna letters and his name used thirty-two times. He was the author of letters EA 252–254.[7]
Some researchers, such as Richard Abbott, note the possibility that Labaya and the biblical figure ofAbimelech benGideon, fromJudges 9, were identical.[9]
Still others, such asDavid Rohl, have advocated a totally revised chronology of ancient Israelite and Egyptian history, and instead identify Labaya withSaul, and Mutbaal with Saul's sonIshbaal. Ish-baal and Mutbaal, whose names have the same meaning, "Man of Baal", moved their capital toTransjordan after the death of their fathers, whose center of power had been west of the Jordan river.[citation needed] Rohl further identifies Dadua,Ayab and Yishaya, three figures mentioned by Mutbaal in a later Amarna Letter, withKing David, his generalJoab and David's fatherJesse.[10] The Rohl chronology is not, however, widely accepted. Rohl's suggestions are rejected by other Egyptologists, such asKenneth Kitchen, who argue that there are discrepancies between the Labaya of the Amarna texts and King Saul as he is described in theBooks of Samuel.