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La Jolla, San Diego | |
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| Nickname: "The Jewel" | |
  La Jolla, San Diego Location within western San Diego | |
| Coordinates:32°50′24″N117°16′37″W / 32.84000°N 117.27694°W /32.84000; -117.27694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | San Diego |
| City | San Diego |
| Founded: | 1850[1] |
| Population (2010)[2] | |
• Total | 46,781 |
| Time zone | UTC−08:00 (UTC--08:00) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−07:00 (UTC--07:00) |
| ZIP Code | 92037-92039, 92092, 92093 |
| Area codes | 858, 619 |
La Jolla (/ləˈhɔɪə/laHOY-uh,Latin American Spanish:[laˈxoʝa]) is a hilly, seaside neighborhood inSan Diego, California, occupying 7 miles (11 km) of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean. The population reported in the 2010 census was 46,781.[2] The climate is mild, with an average daily temperature of 70.5 °F (21.4 °C).[3][4]
La Jolla is surrounded on three sides by ocean bluffs and beaches[5] and is located 12 miles (19 km) north ofdowntown San Diego and 45 miles (72 km) south of theOrange County line.[6][7] The neighborhood's border starts atPacific Beach to the south and extends along the Pacific Ocean shoreline north to includeTorrey Pines State Natural Reserve ending atDel Mar.
La Jolla is home to many educational institutions and a variety of businesses in the areas of lodging, dining, shopping, software, finance, real estate, bioengineering, medical practice and scientific research.[5][8][9] TheUniversity of California, San Diego is located in La Jolla, as isBirch Aquarium,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,Scripps Research, and theSalk Institute for Biological Studies.
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Local Native Americans, theKumeyaay, called this locationmat kulaaxuuy (IPA:[matkəlaːxuːj]),lit. 'land of holes' (mat ='land').[10] The topographic feature that gave rise to the name "holes" is uncertain; it probably refers to sea-level caves located on the north-facing bluffs, which are visible fromLa Jolla Shores. It is suggested[citation needed] that the Kumeyaay name for the area was transcribed by the Spanish settlers asLa Jolla. Another suggestion for the origin of the name is that it is an alternative spelling of the Spanish phraselajoya, which means'the jewel'. Despite being disputed by scholars, this derivation of the name has been widely cited in popular culture.[11] This supposed origin gave rise to the nickname "The Jewel".[12] The name may also come from the SpanishLa Hoya, meaning a geographic hollow. Different spelling conventions over the years would permit this to be written as La Jolla.[13]
During the Mexican period of San Diego's history, La Jolla was mapped aspueblo land and contained about 60 lots. When California became a state in 1850,[14] the La Jolla area was incorporated as part of the chartered City of San Diego.[1] In 1870, Charles Dean acquired several of the pueblo lots and subdivided them into an area that became known as La Jolla Park. Dean was unable to develop the land and left San Diego in 1881. Areal estate boom in the 1880s led speculators Frank T. Botsford and George W. Heald to further develop the sparsely settled area.
In the 1890s, the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railway was built, connecting La Jolla to the rest of San Diego. La Jolla became known as a resort area. To attract visitors to the beach, the railway built facilities such as a bath house and a dance pavilion. Visitors were housed in small cottages and bungalows above La Jolla Cove, as well as a temporarytent city erected every summer. Two of the cottages that were built in 1894, the "Red Roost" and the "Red Rest", also known as the "Neptune and Cove Tea Room", still exist and are the oldest buildings in La Jolla that are still on their original site. The two cottages have been vacant since the 1980s, boarded up and covered in tarpaulins while their fate was debated. In November 2020 the Red Rest was largely destroyed by fire.[15]
The La Jolla Park Hotel opened in 1893. The Hotel Cabrillo was built in 1908 by "Squire" James A. Wilson and was later incorporated into the La Valencia Hotel.[16]
By 1900, La Jolla comprised 100 buildings and 350 residents. The first reading room (library) was built in 1898.[16] A volunteer fire brigade was organized in 1907; the city of San Diego established a regular fire house in 1914. Livery stable owner Nathan Rannells served successively as La Jolla's volunteer fire captain, first police officer (the only San Diego police officer north ofMission Valley), and first postmaster.[17]
La Jolla Elementary School began educating local children in 1896.[18]The Bishop's School opened in 1909.La Jolla High School was established in 1922. Between 1951 and 1963, other elementary schools (Bird Rock, Decatur, Scripps, and Torrey Pines) were established in the area to ease overcrowding.[18] The La Jolla Beach and Yacht Club (later theLa Jolla Beach and Tennis Club) was built in 1927.[16]
In 1896 journalist and publisherEllen Browning Scripps settled in La Jolla, where she lived for the last 35 years of her life. She was wealthy in her own right from her investments and writing, and she inherited a large sum from her brother George H. Scripps in 1900. She devoted herself to philanthropic endeavors, particularly those benefiting her adopted home of La Jolla. She commissioned many of La Jolla's most notable buildings, usually designed byIrving Gill or his nephew and partnerLouis John Gill. Many of these buildings are now on theNational Register of Historic Places or are listed as historic by the city of San Diego; these include theLa Jolla Woman's Club (1914), theLa Jolla Recreational Center (1915), the earliest buildings ofThe Bishop's School, and theOld Scripps Building atScripps Institution of Oceanography, as well as her own residence, built in 1915 and now housing theMuseum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Her donations also launchedScripps Memorial Hospital in 1924 (originally located on Prospect Street in La Jolla until it moved to its present site in 1964), the Scripps Metabolic Clinic (nowScripps Research), and theChildren's Pool. Ellen Browning Scripps also foundedScripps College, a women's college, in 1926.[19] Scripps College is located inClaremont in Los Angeles County (not to be confused withClairemont, a neighborhood ofSan Diego).
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the nation's oldest oceanographic institutes, was founded in 1903 byWilliam Emerson Ritter, chair of the zoology department at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, with financial support from Scripps and his brotherE. W. Scripps. At first the institution operated out of a boathouse inCoronado. In 1905, they purchased a 170-acre (69 ha) site in La Jolla, where the Institution still stands today. The first laboratory buildings there opened in 1907. The institution became part of theUniversity of California in 1912. Ultimately, it became the nucleus for the establishment of theUniversity of California, San Diego.
From 1917 through 1964, theUnited States Marine Corps maintained a military base in La Jolla. The base was used for marksmanship training and was known asCamp Calvin B. Matthews. During and afterWorld War II, the population of La Jolla grew, causing residential development to draw close to the base, so that it became less and less suitable as a firing range because of risk to the adjacent civilian population.[20] Meanwhile, the site was being eyed as a location for a proposed new campus of the University of California. In 1962, Camp Matthews was declared surplus by the Marine Corps. The base formally closed in 1964, and that same year, the first class of undergraduates enrolled in the University of California San Diego.
Local civic leaders had long toyed with the idea of aSan Diego campus of theUniversity of California, and the quest became more definite following World War II. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, under its directorRoger Revelle, had become an important defense contractor, and local aerospace companies likeConvair were pressing for local training for their scientists and engineers. The state legislature proposed the idea in 1955, and the Regents of the university formally approved it in 1960.[21] During the planning stage of the university's establishment, it was briefly known as the "University of California, La Jolla", but the name was changed to "University of California, San Diego" before its founding in 1960.[22] The founding chancellor wasHerbert York, named in 1961, and the second chancellor wasJohn Semple Galbraith, named in 1964. The university was designed to have a "college" system; there are now eight colleges. The first college was established in 1965 and was namedRevelle College afterRoger Revelle, who is regarded as the "father" of the university.[22] Amedical school was established in 1968. The landmarkGeisel Library with itsBrutalist architecture opened in 1970. The university is the second largest employer in the city and (as of 2023) has the 8th largest research expenditure in the country.[23]
The Camp Matthews site for the university was selected with some hesitation; one of the concerns was "whether La Jollans in particular would lay aside old prejudices in order to welcome a culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse professoriate into their midst".[21] La Jolla had a history of restrictive housing policies, often specified in deeds and ownership documents. In La Jolla Shores and La Jolla Hermosa, only people with pureEuropean ancestry could own property; this excludedJews, who were not consideredwhite. Such "restrictive covenants" were once fairly common throughout the United States; the 1948 Supreme Court caseShelley v. Kraemer ruled them to be unenforceable, and Congress outlawed them twenty years later via the Fair Housing Act (Title VII of theCivil Rights Act of 1968).[24] However, realtors and property owners in La Jolla continued to use more subtle ways of preventing or discouraging Jews from owning property there.[25] Revelle stated the issue bluntly: "You can't have a university without having Jewish professors. The Real Estate Broker's Association and their supporters in La Jolla had to make up their minds whether they wanted a university or an anti-Semitic covenant. You couldn't have both."[26] The issue was overcome; La Jolla now boasts a thriving Jewish population,[27] and there are four synagogues in La Jolla.[28]
Mount Soledad is an 822-foot-tall (251 m) hill on the eastern edge of La Jolla and one of the highest points in San Diego. A largeChristian cross was placed at the top in 1913 as a prominent landmark. It has been replaced twice, most recently in 1954 with a 29-foot-tall (8.8 m) cross (43 feet (13 m) tall including the base). Originally known as the "Mount Soledad Easter Cross", its presence on publicly owned land was challenged in the 1980s as a violation of theseparation of church and state. Since then the cross has had a war memorial built around it and was renamed "Mount Soledad Veterans War Memorial".[29]
The issue has been in almost continual litigation ever since, with the city attempting to sell or give away the land under the cross. By an act of Congress, the federal government took possession of it undereminent domain in 2006. TheUnited States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit declared the cross unconstitutional in 2011, and theSupreme Court of the United States declined to hear an appeal.[30] In December 2013, U.S. District Judge Larry Burns ordered that the cross be removed within 90 days, but stayed the order pending a forthcoming appeal by the government.[31][32]
On July 20, 2015, a group called the Mt. Soledad Memorial Association reported that it had bought the land under the cross from theDepartment of Defense for $1.4 million.[33] On September 7, 2016, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals issued a one-page ruling, ordering dismissal of the case and an end to all current appeals, stating that the case was now moot because the cross was no longer on government land. Both sides agreed that this decision puts a final end to the case.[34]
La Jolla became anart colony in 1894 when Anna Held (also known as Anna Held Heinrich) established the Green Dragon Colony. This was a cluster of twelve rustic cottages that included The Green Dragon, Wahnfried, and The Ark, a boat-shaped structure with port holes and swinging bunks.[35]
TheLa Jolla Playhouse was founded in 1947 byGregory Peck,Dorothy McGuire, andMel Ferrer.[36] It became inactive in 1959, but was revived in 1983 on the University of California campus under the leadership ofDes McAnuff. It now incorporates three theaters: theMandell Weiss Theatre (1983), the Mandell Weiss Forum (1991) and the Potiker Theater (2005).
TheMuseum of Contemporary Art San Diego was founded in 1941 in La Jolla, in the former home of Ellen Browning Scripps (designed by Irving J. Gill). The museum has undergone several renovations and expansions, and is working on plans to triple its size.[37][38]
TheLa Jolla Music Society was founded in 1941 as the Musical Arts Society of La Jolla byNikolai Sokoloff, former conductor of theCleveland Orchestra. It presented the premieres of commissioned works in the auditorium of La Jolla High School before presenting their concerts in the Sherwood Auditorium of the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Since April 2019, theConrad Prebys Performing Arts Center is the permanent home of La Jolla Music Society and hosts world-class performances presented by LJMS as well as other San Diego arts presenters. Additionally, The Conrad will see a wide range of conferences, corporate meetings, and private events.
The neighborhoods's border starts atPacific Beach to the south and extends along the Pacific Ocean shoreline north to includeTorrey Pines State Natural Reserve ending atDel Mar. La Jolla encompasses the neighborhoods of Bird Rock,Windansea Beach, the commercial center known as the Village of La Jolla, Muirlands,La Jolla Shores, La Jolla Farms,Torrey Pines,Mount Soledad and others.[39]
The City of San Diego defines the neighborhood's eastern boundary as Gilman Drive and theInterstate 5 freeway and the northern boundary as UCSD.[40][41]
TheUnited States Postal Service defines a somewhat larger area, assigning the neighborhood the 92037ZIP Code, recognizing it as a historically and geographically distinct area. Because it has its own ZIP code, addresses can read La Jolla, CA. It is the only neighborhood within the City of San Diego so recognized. Additionally, it is in the 919xx/920xx sequence used for suburban and rural ZIP Codes in San Diego County, rather than the 921xx sequence used for the remainder of the City of San Diego. These conditions sometimes lead to the erroneous impression that La Jolla is a separate city, rather than a part of San Diego.[citation needed] The 92037 ZIP code extends the northeasterly boundary to Genesee Avenue and the northerly boundary toDel Mar, California. The UCSD campus, also part of La Jolla, has ZIP Codes 92092 and 92093.
Despite the city and postal service definitions, La Jolla does not have universally accepted boundaries.[clarification needed] In the 1980s, the trustees of Scripps Hospital voted to move the campus from downtown La Jolla toUniversity City, east of Interstate 5 and not within the traditional boundaries of La Jolla. The governing documents of the hospital required it to be located in La Jolla, however. A court ruled that "La Jolla" exists as a "state of mind" and thus allowed the relocation of the hospital.[42] Several businesses and housing developments located in the University City neighborhood of San Diego use "La Jolla" in their names.[citation needed]
La Jolla's offshore waters are home to diverse marine wildlife. Marine mammals, such as migratorygray,humpback andblue whales—harbor porpoises, dolphins (including,common dolphins, as well asrough-toothed,bottlenose,Pacific white-sided andRisso's dolphins) andorcas, can be found in the area.California sea lions and harbor seals are often seen hauled-out on the rocks, and their presence can lure bigger, predatory sharks.[43][44]
Southern California also has many species of fish (such asgaribaldi,sculpin), including sharks, such as clam-eatingdogfish andleopard sharks[45] and thegreat white shark. During the winter, great white sharks breed, hunting seals around the kelp forest, and sometimes coming closer toshore.[46] For these reasons,piers,caves andbuoys are areas that surfers avoid, as sharks in these locations can ambush pinnipeds diving back into the water.[47] However, most encounters with great white sharks are uneventful.[48]
Many of the marine animals live within and/or depend on the extensive offshorekelp forest, wherescuba divers often explore.[49] The kelp forests are also home to a number ofinvertebrate species, includingsea urchins,abalone,sea stars andlimpets toking crab andgiant octopus.Green sea turtles and many migratory and resident sea andshorebirds,[50] are also native to the area.
La Jolla is an area of mixed geology, including sandy beaches and rocky shorelines. The area is occasionally susceptible to flooding and ocean storms, as occurred in January and December 2010.[51]
Mount Soledad, an 823-foot (251 m) mountain,[52] lies betweenInterstate 5 to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is mostly within the community of La Jolla where the northern and eastern slopes form a sharpescarpment along theRose Canyon Fault. The community ofPacific Beach is on the southern slope. There are many narrow roads and hundreds of homes overlooking the ocean on its slopes. It is the home of theMount Soledad Cross, built in 1954, later designated a Korean War Memorial, that became the center of a controversy over the display of religious symbols on government property.[citation needed]
The La Jolla ocean front has an alternating rugged and sandy coastline that serves as a habitat for many wild seal congregations. There are many beaches accessible from the cliffs all throughout the coast of La Jolla.[53]
| Climate data for La Jolla, San Diego | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 89 (32) | 91 (33) | 93 (34) | 99 (37) | 101 (38) | 103 (39) | 108 (42) | 104 (40) | 111 (44) | 107 (42) | 100 (38) | 88 (31) | 111 (44) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 66 (19) | 67 (19) | 68 (20) | 69 (21) | 70 (21) | 73 (23) | 77 (25) | 79 (26) | 78 (26) | 75 (24) | 71 (22) | 67 (19) | 72 (22) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 47 (8) | 49 (9) | 51 (11) | 54 (12) | 58 (14) | 61 (16) | 64 (18) | 66 (19) | 64 (18) | 59 (15) | 51 (11) | 47 (8) | 56 (13) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 29 (−2) | 36 (2) | 38 (3) | 40 (4) | 45 (7) | 50 (10) | 55 (13) | 57 (14) | 51 (11) | 43 (6) | 36 (2) | 34 (1) | 29 (−2) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 2.73 (69) | 2.44 (62) | 2.66 (68) | 0.93 (24) | 0.28 (7.1) | 0.09 (2.3) | 0.03 (0.76) | 0.10 (2.5) | 0.27 (6.9) | 0.48 (12) | 1.23 (31) | 1.53 (39) | 12.77 (324) |
| Source:[54] | |||||||||||||
According to United States Census Bureau figures, theethnic/racial makeup of La Jolla is 82.5% White, 0.8% Black, 0.2% American Indian, 11.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.0% any other race, and 3.1% two or more races. Latinos, who may be of any race, form 7.2% of La Jolla's population. There is also a sizable Persian population in La Jolla.[55]
La Jolla had the highest home prices in the nation in 2008[56] and 2009,[57] according to a survey byColdwell Banker. The survey compares the cost of a standardized four-bedroom home in communities across the country. The average price for such a home in La Jolla was reported as US$1.842 million in 2008 and US$2.125 million in 2009.
The La Jolla Community Planning Association[58] advises the city council, Planning Commission, City Planning Department as well as other governmental agency as appropriate in the initial preparation, adoption of, implementation of, or amendment to the General or Community Plan as it pertains to the La Jolla area as well as review specific development proposals.[59] The nonprofit La Jolla Town Council[60] represents the interests of La Jolla businesses and residents that belong to the council. The Bird Rock Community Council[61] serves the Bird Rock neighborhood, while the La Jolla Shores Association[62] serves the La Jolla Shores neighborhood. La Jolla Village Merchants Association, Inc. is a non-profit organization formed in February 2011 to manage the La Jolla Village Business Improvement District for the City of San Diego.[63]
Community organizations include Independent La Jolla,[64] a membership-based citizens group seeking to secede from the city of San Diego. Service clubs in La Jolla includeKiwanis,Rotary,La Jolla Woman's Club[65] and the Social Service League of La Jolla,[66] to name a few.
La Jolla is a subsidiary location for Chicago-based Linking Efforts Against Drugs (LEAD), a national drug-prevention organization recognized nationally for its success in reducing substance use and abuse among teens.
La Jolla is the home of InspirED, a community-focused EdTech company that supports schools in supporting their students' mental health through therapeutic services, educational opportunities, and technology.
La Jolla is the location ofTorrey Pines Golf Course, the site each January or February of aPGA Tour event formerly known as the Buick Invitational and since 2010, called theFarmers Insurance Open.[67] Torrey Pines also hosted the2008 and2021 U.S. Open.[68] Nearby is the de factonude beach,Black's Beach.Torrey Pines Gliderport is popular, where people fly and watch glidersailplanes.[69][70]
Downtown La Jolla is noted for jewelry stores, boutiques, upmarket restaurants and hotels. Prospect Street and Girard Avenue are also shopping and dining districts.[71] The Museum of Contemporary Art, founded in 1941, is located above the waterfront in what was originally the 1915 residence of philanthropistEllen Browning Scripps. The museum has a permanent collection with more than 3,500 post-1950 American and European works, including paintings, works on paper, sculptures, photographic art, design objects and video works.[72] The museum was renamedMuseum of Contemporary Art San Diego in 1990 to recognize its regional significance.[citation needed]
In 2011, the La Jolla Community Foundation commissioned various artists to contribute to the scenery of the town, through variousmurals. Some of the artists that are featured in the series areJohn Baldessari,Julian Opie andKim MacConnel. There are 11 murals in the series, all of which will be on display for two years.[73][needs update]
The La Jolla Fencing Academy opened in 2017 on Villa La Jolla Drive.[74][75][76] Among its coaches is two-timeworld junior saber champion, and 2023 US saber champion,Konstantin Lokhanov.[77][78]
Beaches and ocean access includeWindansea Beach,La Jolla Shores,La Jolla Cove andChildren's Pool Beach. For many years, La Jolla has been the host of a rough water swim at La Jolla Cove.[79]Black's Beach, one of the onlynude beaches in the area, isone of the most popular lesser known surfer beaches[clarify] throughout the year.[80]Sunset Cliffs is a location popular amongst locals and tourists for views of the sunset off to the horizon past the cliffs andcaves below.[81]La Jolla Shores is located next to Scripps Pier[82] and is close to many small shops, homes and restaurants.[83]La Jolla Cove is the most popular tourist destination in La Jolla,[84] featuring manysnorkelers, swimmers and wildlife, such as seals.[85][86][87] TheLa Jolla Concours d'Elegance auto show is hosted atLa Jolla Cove annually.[88]All[citation needed] of the popular beaches and coastal access points, listed from north to south, include:
TheSan Diego Trolley light rail system has four stops on theBlue Line located in the La Jolla neighborhood:
These four stations were opened on November 21, 2021, when the Blue Line was extended nine stops north fromOld Town Transit Center to serve areas such as La Jolla Village, UC San Diego, andUniversity City.
TheUniversity of California San Diego is the center of higher education in La Jolla. The campus' name was briefly UC La Jolla during the planning stage of the university's development. UCSD includesScripps Institution of Oceanography and theSan Diego Supercomputer Center.
National University is also headquartered in La Jolla, with several academic campuses located throughout the county and the state. Among the several research institutes near UCSD and in the nearby Torrey Pines Science Park areScripps Research Institute, theSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (formerly called the La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation),La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), and theSalk Institute for Biological Studies.
La Jolla is served by theSan Diego Unified School District. Public schools includeLa Jolla High School, La Jolla Elementary,[89] Muirlands Middle School,[90] Torrey Pines Elementary,[91] and Bird Rock Elementary,[92] as well asPreuss School, a publiccharter school. The community'sprep schools areThe Bishop's School, The Children's School,[93]Delphi Academy, Stella Maris Academy,[94] The Gillispie School, and the Evans School.La Jolla Country Day School is located in the nearby community ofUniversity City.
Christian:
Jewish:
La Jolla has been the home to many notable people, including prominent scientists, business people, artists, writers, surfers and performers.
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32°50′24″N117°16′37″W / 32.84000°N 117.27694°W /32.84000; -117.27694
