| La Grande Illusion | |
|---|---|
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| Directed by | Jean Renoir |
| Written by |
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| Produced by |
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| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Christian Matras |
| Edited by |
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| Music by | Joseph Kosma |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Réalisation d'Art Cinématographique |
Release date |
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Running time | 114 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Languages |
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| Box office | $414,620(US re-release)[1] |
La Grande Illusion (French for "The Grand Illusion") is a 1937 Frenchwardrama film directed byJean Renoir, who co-wrote the screenplay withCharles Spaak. The story concerns class relationships among a small group of French officers who are Germanprisoners of war duringWorld War I and are plotting an escape.
The title of the film comes from the 1909 bookThe Great Illusion by British journalistNorman Angell, which argued that war is futile because of the common economic interests of all European nations. The perspective of the film is generously humanistic to its characters of various nationalities.
La Grande Illusion is regarded by critics and film historians as one of the masterpieces ofFrench cinema.[2]Orson Welles namedLa Grande Illusion as one of the two movies he would take with him "on the ark".[3] Director and producerSydney Pollack pickedLa Grande Illusion as one of his ten favorite films of all time.[4]
In 1958, the film was voted number 5 on the prestigiousBrussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo. In 1995, theVatican includedLa Grande Illusion in its list of45 "great films" under the category of "Art".[5]Empire magazine ranked it #35 in "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.[6]
During theFirst World War, two Frenchaviators of theService Aéronautique, the aristocratic Captain de Boëldieu and the working-class Lieutenant Maréchal, set out to investigate a blurred spot found on reconnaissance photographs. They are shot down by Germanflying ace and aristocratRittmeister von Rauffenstein, and both are taken prisoner by theImperial German Army. Upon returning to theaerodrome, Rauffenstein sends a subordinate to find out if the aviators are officers and, if so, to invite them to lunch. During the meal, Rauffenstein and Boëldieu discover they have mutual acquaintances—a depiction of the familiarity, if not solidarity, within the upper classes that crosses national boundaries.
Boëldieu and Maréchal are then taken to aprisoner-of-war camp, where they meet a colorful group of French prisoners and stage avaudeville-type performance just after the Germans have takenFort Douaumont in the epicBattle of Verdun. During the performance, word arrives that the French have recaptured the fort. Maréchal interrupts the show, and the French prisoners spontaneously burst into "La Marseillaise". As a result of the disruption, Maréchal is placed in solitary confinement, where he suffers badly from lack of human contact and hunger; the fort changes hands once more while he is imprisoned. Boëldieu and Maréchal also help their fellow prisoners to finish digging an escape tunnel. However, just before it is completed, everyone is transferred to other camps. Because of the language barrier, Maréchal is unable to pass word of the tunnel to an incoming British prisoner.
Boëldieu and Maréchal are moved from camp to camp, finally arriving in Wintersborn, a mountain fortress prison commanded by Rauffenstein, who has been so badly injured in battle that he has been given a posting away from the front, much to his regret. Rauffenstein tells them that Wintersborn is escape-proof.
At Wintersborn, the pair are reunited with a fellow prisoner, Rosenthal, from the original camp. Rosenthal is a wealthyFrench Jew who generously shares the food parcels he receives. Boëldieu comes up with an idea, after carefully observing how the German guards respond to an emergency. He volunteers to distract the guards for the few minutes needed for Maréchal and Rosenthal to escape. After a commotion staged by the prisoners, the guards are ordered to assemble them in the fortress courtyard. During the roll call, it is discovered that Boëldieu is missing. He makes his presence known high up in the fortress, drawing the German guards away in pursuit. Maréchal and Rosenthal take the opportunity to lower themselves from a window by a homemade rope and flee.
Rauffenstein stops the guards from firing at Boëldieu and pleads with his friend to give himself up. Boëldieu refuses, and Rauffenstein reluctantly shoots him with his pistol, aiming for his legs, but misses and accidentally (and fatally) hits him in the stomach. Nursed in his final moments by a grieving Rauffenstein, Boëldieu laments that the whole purpose of the nobility and their usefulness to both French and German culture is being destroyed by the war. He expresses pity for Rauffenstein, who will have to find a new purpose in the postwar world.
Maréchal and Rosenthal journey across the German countryside, trying to reach neutral Switzerland. Rosenthal injures his foot, slowing Maréchal down. They quarrel and part, but then Maréchal returns to help his comrade. They take refuge in the modest farmhouse of a German woman, Elsa, who lost her husband atVerdun, along with three brothers, at battles which, with quiet irony, she describes as "our greatest victories". She takes them in and does not betray them to a passing army patrol. She and Maréchal fall in love, despite not speaking each other's language, but he and Rosenthal eventually leave from a sense of duty after Rosenthal recovers from his injury. Maréchal declares he will come back to Elsa and her young daughter, Lotte, if he survives the war.
A German patrol sights the two fugitives crossing a snow-covered valley. They fire a few rounds, but their commanding officer, hurrying to the scene, orders them to stop, saying the pair have crossed into Switzerland.
Renoir used theFirst World War (1914–1918) as a lens through which to examine Europe as it faced the rising spectre offascism (especially inNazi Germany) and the impending approach of theSecond World War (1939–1945).[10] Renoir's critique of contemporary politics and ideology celebrates the universal humanity that transcends national and racial boundaries and radical nationalism, suggesting that mankind's common experiences should prevail above political division, and its extension: war.[11]
On the message ofLa Grande Illusion, Renoir himself said, in afilm trailer, dating from the re-release of the film in 1958: "[La Grande Illusion is] a story about human relationships. I am confident that such a question is so important today that if we don't solve it, we will just have to say 'goodbye' to our beautiful world." Despite widespread interest in the subject, Renoir found it difficult to find a producer and distributor, having to "shop around" the project for years.[12]
La Grande Illusion examines the relationships between different social classes in Europe. Two of the main characters, Boëldieu and Rauffenstein, arearistocrats. They are represented ascosmopolitan men, educated in many cultures and conversant in several languages. Their level of education and their devotion to social conventions and rituals makes them feel closer to each other than to the lower class of their own nation. They share similar social experiences: dining atMaxim's in Paris, courting dalliances with the same woman, and even know of each other through acquaintances. They converse with each other in heavily formalFrench andGerman, and in moments of intimate personal conversation, escape intoEnglish as if to hide these comments from their lower class counterparts.[13]
Renoir depicts the rule of the aristocracy inLa Grande Illusion as in decline, to be replaced by a new, emerging social order, led by men who were not born to privilege. He emphasizes that their class is no longer an essential component to their respective nation's politics.[11] Both Rauffenstein and Boëldieu view their military service as a duty, and see the war as having a purpose; as such, Renoir depicts them as laudable but tragic figures whose world is disappearing and who are trapped in a code of life that is rapidly becoming meaningless.[14] Both are aware that their time is past, but their reaction to this reality diverges: Boëldieu accepts the fate of the aristocracy as a positive improvement, but Rauffenstein does not, lamenting what he sarcastically calls the "charming legacy of the French Revolution".
InLa Grande Illusion, Renoir contrasts the aristocrats with characters such as Maréchal (Gabin), an engineer fromParis. The lower class characters have little in common with each other; they have different interests and are not worldly in their views or education. Nonetheless, they have a kinship too, through common sentiment and experience.[15]
Renoir's message is made clear when the aristocratic Boëldieu sacrifices himself by distracting the prison guards by dancing around, singing, and playing a flute, to allow Maréchal and Rosenthal, members of the lower class, to escape. Reluctantly and strictly out of duty, Rauffenstein is forced to shoot Boëldieu, an act that Boëldieu admits he would have been compelled to do were the circumstances reversed. However, in accepting his inevitable death, Boëldieu takes comfort in the idea that "For a commoner, dying in a war is a tragedy. But for you and me, it's a good way out", and states that he has pity for Rauffenstein who will struggle to find a purpose in the new social order of the world where his traditions, experiences, and background are obsolete.
The critique of the romantic idealization of duty inLa Grande Illusion is comparable to that in the earlier filmAll Quiet on the Western Front (1930), based on the novel byErich Maria Remarque.
InLa Grande Illusion, Renoir briefly touches on the question ofantisemitism through the character of Rosenthal, a son from anouveau riche Jewish banking family (a parallel to theRothschild banking family of France). His biographers believed that Renoir created this character to counter the rising anti-Jewish campaign enacted byAdolf Hitler's government inNazi Germany.[15] Further, Rosenthal is shown as a symbol of humanity across class lines: though he may be financially wealthy, he shares his food parcels with everyone so that he and his fellow prisoners are well fed — when compared with their German captors. Through the character of Rosenthal, Renoir rebuffs Jewish stereotypes.
There is also a black French officer among the prisoners at Wintersborn who appears to be ignored by the other prisoners, and not accepted as an equal by them. When he speaks to them he is not responded to. For instance, when he shows his artwork, he is shrugged off.[16]
InLa Grande Illusion Renoir seeks to refute the notion that war accomplishes anything, or that it can be used as a political tool to solve problems and create a better world. "That's all an illusion", says Rosenthal, speaking of the belief that this is the war that will end war forever.
La Grande Illusion is awar film without any depiction of battle. Instead, theprisoner of war camp setting is used as a space in which soldiers of many nations have a common experience. Renoir portrayswar as a futile exercise. For instance, Elsa, the German widow, shows photos to Maréchal and Rosenthal of her husband and her brothers who were killed, respectively, at the battles ofVerdun,Liège,Charleroi, andTannenberg. The last three of these battles were amongst Germany's most celebrated victories inWorld War I. Through this device, Renoir refutes the notion that one common man's bravery, honor, or duty can make an impact on a great event. This undermines the idealistic intention of Maréchal and Rosenthal to return to the front, so that by returning to the fight they can help end this war.
Elements ofLa Grande Illusion are semi-autobiographical in nature. Jean Renoir was a reconnaissance pilot during World War I, and received a change of post after being wounded in action. Renoir's life was saved by a French pilot,Armand Pinsard, when he was under attack by a GermanFokker in 1915, during the First World War.[17] In 1935, during the production ofToni, Pinsard recounted his WWI history, shot down seven times, captured seven times, and escaping seven times from German POW camps, inspiring Grand Illusion, and Pinsard became the model for Lt. Maréchal.[17] Renoir used his own uniform asJean Gabin's costume in the film.[18] Several other cast members had also fought in the war,Marcel Dalio won theCroix de Guerre for his actions with the French artillery during theAction at Villers-Cotterêts (1914),[19] andPierre Fresnay was in the army between 1916 and 1919. Renoir developed the screenplay withCharles Spaak,[20] and spent several years trying to finance it.[17] Through Albert Pinkévitch,[21] an assistant to the financier, Frank Rollmer,[22] and the attachment of Jean Gabin, private producers finally supported a small production budget.[17][23]
The casting ofErich von Stroheim came as Renoir was a great admirer of the director's films, and had inspired him to pursue filmmaking. According to Renoir's memoirs, Stroheim, despite having been born inVienna,Austria (then theAustro-Hungarian Empire) did not speak muchGerman as he had been living in the United States since 1909, and struggled with learning the language along with his lines in between filming scenes. Renoir eventually resorted to hiring a dialect coach to help Stroheim with his lines.
La Grande Illusion was filmed in the winter of 1936-37.[24][17] The exteriors of "Burg Wintersborn" were filmed at theUpper Koenigsbourg Castle inAlsace.[25] Other exteriors were filmed at the artillery barracks atColmar (built byWilhelm II) and atNeuf-Brisach on theUpper Rhine. The interiors were shot atEpinay andBillancourt Studios.
The score was written by the Hungarian composerJoseph Kosma, who also wrote the famous song "Autumn Leaves". The soundtrack also includes many well-known songs of the day from French, English, and German culture. The uncredited musical director was the film and music criticÉmile Vuillermoz, who had been a composer in his early career.
Songs:
Although the film was recognized at theVenice Film Festival for "Best Artistic Ensemble" and was favored to win the Mussolini Cup for best foreign film in 1937,Benito Mussolini overruled the jury and prevented its win, promptingJean Zay, then France'sMinister of National Education and Fine Arts, to propose the creation of a French festival that would become theFestival de Cannes.[29][30]
Nazi Propaganda MinisterJoseph Goebbels declaredLa Grande Illusion "Cinematic Public Enemy No. 1"[2][31][32] and ordered the prints to be confiscated and destroyed, with Vichy French authorities banning the film in 1940,pour la durée des hostilités (for the duration of hostilities) in an effort to appease Hitler just prior to the Germanoccupation of France.[33] When the German Army marched into France in May 1940, Goebbels ordered the film's prints and negative to be the first things seized by the Nazis,[34] and the ban renewed by the GermanPropaganda-Abteilung in October of the same year.[2]
Despite the ban,La Grande Illusion became a massive hit in France, with an estimated 12 million admissions.[35]
La Grande Illusion, released by World Pictures Corporation[36] in the U.S. premiered on 12 September 1938 in New York City;Frank S. Nugent in his review forThe New York Times calledLa Grande Illusion a "strange and interesting film" that "owes much to his cast",[37]
Erich von Stroheim's appearance as von Rauffenstein reminds us again of Hollywood's folly in permitting so fine an actor to remain idle and unwanted. Pierre Fresnay's de Boeldieu is a model of gentlemanly decadence. Jean Gabin and Dalio as the fugitives, Dita Parlo as the German girl, and all the others are thoroughly right.
La Grande Illusion won the awards for Best Foreign Film at the1938 New York Film Critics Circle Awards and at the1938 National Board of Review Awards it was named theBest Foreign Language Film for that year.[38] At the11th Academy Awards held on 23 February 1939,La Grande Illusion became the first foreign language film nominated for theAcademy Award forBest Picture.
At the time of its release,John Ford, impressed with the film, opted to remake it in English but was urged by studio chiefDarryl F. Zanuck not to. "You'll never top it," he told Ford.[39]
Orson Welles, in an interview withDick Cavett on 27 July 1970, expressed that if he only could save a handful of films that were not his own for future posterity, this would be one of those films.[40]
Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker".[41]
Sixty years after its release,Janet Maslin called it "one of the most haunting of all war films" and an "oasis of subtlety, moral intelligence and deep emotion on the cinematic landscape"; according to Maslin:[42]
It seems especially disarming now in its genius for keeping its story indirect yet its meaning perfectly clear. Its greatest dramatic heights seem to occur almost effortlessly, as a tale of escape derived from the experience of one of Renoir's wartime comrades evolves into a series of unforgettable crises and stirring sacrifices.
Film criticRoger Ebert also reviewed the film after its 1999 re-release, and added it to his list ofThe Great Movies:[31]
Apart from its other achievements, Jean Renoir'sGrand Illusion influenced two famous later movie sequences. The digging of the escape tunnel inThe Great Escape and the singing of the "Marseillaise" to enrage the Germans inCasablanca can first be observed in Renoir's 1937 masterpiece. Even the details of the tunnel dig are the same—the way the prisoners hide the excavated dirt in their pants and shake it out on the parade ground during exercise. But ifGrand Illusion had been merely a source of later inspiration, it wouldn't be on so many lists of great films. It's not a movie about a prison escape, nor is it jingoistic in its politics; it's a meditation on the collapse of the old order of European civilization. Perhaps that was always a sentimental upper-class illusion, the notion that gentlemen on both sides of the lines subscribed to the same code of behaviour. Whatever it was, it died in the trenches of World War I.
FilmmakerAkira Kurosawa citedLa Grande Illusion as one of his favorite films.[43] In 2006,Writers Guild of America West ranked its screenplay 85th in WGA’s list of 101 Greatest Screenplays.[44] In the 2012 edition of the annualSight And Sound poll in which directors are asked to select their favourite movies,Woody Allen picked La Grand Illusion as one of his top ten.
The February 2020 issue ofNew York Magazine listsLa Grande Illusion as among "The Best Movies That Lost Best Picture at the Oscars".[45]
On thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 97% of 74 critics' reviews are positive. The website's consensus reads: "Jean Renoir'sGrand Illusion is a masterful anti-war statement, bringing humane insight and an undercurrent of ironic humor to an unusual relationship between captor and captive."[46]
For many years, the originalnitrate film negative ofLa Grande Illusion was thought to have been lost in an Allied air raid in 1942 that destroyed a leading laboratory outside Paris. Prints of the film were rediscovered in 1958 and restored and re-released during the early 1960s. Then, it was revealed that the original negative had been shipped back to Berlin (probably due to the efforts of Frank Hensel) to be stored in theReichsfilmarchiv vaults. In the Allied occupation of Berlin in 1945, the Reichsfilmarchiv by chance was in the Russian zone and consequently shipped along with many other films back to be the basis of the SovietGosfilmofond film archive inMoscow. The negative was returned to France in the 1960s, but sat unidentified in storage inToulouseCinémathèque for over 30 years, as no one suspected it had survived. It was rediscovered in the early 1990s as the Cinémathèque's nitrate collection was slowly being transferred to the French Film Archives at Bois d'Arcy.[2][47]
In August 1999,Rialto Pictures re-released the film in the United States, based on the Cinémathèque negative found in Toulouse;[31] after watching the new print at Lincoln Plaza Cinemas,Janet Maslin called it "beautifully refurbished" and "especially lucid".[42] A transfer of this restored print was released onDVD by theCriterion Collection in 1999 asspine number 1, but has been out of print since 2005.[48]Grand Illusion was intended to be Criterion's first release on the DVD format in 1998, but the discovery of the new negative delayed its release.[49]
In 2012,StudioCanal andLionsgate released a 1080p Blu-ray version based on a new high-definition scan of the original negative.[50] According to Lee Kline, Technical Director of the Criterion Collection, this release was "night and day of what we did—because they had better film."[51]
One letter with printed letterhead, the other with punched holes (not touching text). Accompanied by an ALS from Belgian screenwriter Charles Spaak to Renoir in which Spaak accuses the addressee of having cheated him out of the rights of "La Grande illusion", for which Spaak had been a coauthor: "Vieux traitre! ......
It came about through Albert Pinkevitch, the general factotum of a financier named Frank Rollmer who was thinking of getting into the film business.
One resulted from the intervention of Albert Pinkévitch, an assistant to the financier Frank Rollmer, who provided the funds for RAC.
