Light Italian Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids (LICIACube)

LICIACube at theApplied Physics Laboratory in August 2021
Mission type	Didymos flyby
Operator	Italian Space Agency
COSPAR ID	2021-110C
SATCATno.	none
Mission duration	~6 months[1][2]
Spacecraft properties
Bus	6U CubeSat
Manufacturer	Argotec
Launch mass	14 kg (31 lb)
Dimensions	10 × 20 × 30 cm (3.9 × 7.9 × 11.8 in)
Power	Solar array × 2
Start of mission
Launch date	24 November 2021, 06:21:02UTC
Rocket	Falcon 9 Block 5,B1063.3
Launch site	VandenbergSLC-4E
Deployed from	DART
Deployment date	11 September 2022, 23:14 UTC
End of mission
Last contact	24 October 2022
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Heliocentric
Semi-major axis	1.0018 AU (149,870,000 km)
Eccentricity	0.06497
Perihelion altitude	0.9368 AU (140,140,000 km)
Aphelion altitude	1.0669 AU (159,610,000 km)
Inclination	3.8196°
Period	366.27 days
RAAN	60.858°
Argument of perihelion	79.427°
Mean anomaly	230.05°
Epoch	27 September 2022[3]
Flyby ofDidymos system
Closest approach	26 September 2022, 23:17 UTC
Distance	56.7 km (35.2 mi)
Instruments LEIA LICIACube Explorer Imaging for Asteroid LUKE LICIACube Unit Key Explorer

Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids (LICIACube,/ˈliːtʃiəˌkjuːb/^[4]) is a six-unitCubeSat of theItalian Space Agency (ASI). LICIACube is a part of theDouble Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission and carries out observational analysis of theDidymos asteroid binary system after DART's impact onDimorphos. It communicates directly withEarth, sending back images of the ejecta and plume of DART's impact as well as having done asteroidal study during its flyby of the Didymos system from a distance of 56.7 km (35.2 mi), 165 seconds after DART's impact.^[5] LICIACube is the first purely Italian autonomous spacecraft in deep space. Data archiving and processing is managed by the Mission Control Center ofArgotec. Its mission ended in the autumn of 2022.^[1]

LICIACube is the first deep space mission developed and autonomously managed by an Italian team. To collaborate upon the design, integration, and testing of the CubeSat, theItalian Space Agency selected the aerospace companyArgotec, while the LICIACube GS has a complex architecture based on amission control center inTurin hosted by Argotec and science operation center inRome. Antennas of theNASA Deep Space Network (NASA DSN) and data archiving and processing is managed at the ASI SSDC. The scientific team making this cubesat is led by National Institute of AstrophysicsINAF (OAR, IAPS, OAA, OAPd, OATs) with the support of IFAC-CNR andParthenope University of Naples. The team is supported by theUniversity of Bologna for orbit determination and satellite navigation and thePolytechnic University of Milan, for mission analysis and optimisation. The LICIACube team includes the wider Italian scientific community involved in the definition of all the aspects of the mission: trajectory design; mission definition (and real-time orbit determination during operations); impact, plume and imaging simulation, and modelling, in preparation of a suitable framework for the analysis and interpretation ofin situ data. Major technological challenges during the mission (autonomous targeting and imaging of such a small body during a fastflyby with the limited resources of a CubeSat) is affordable thanks to cooperation between the mentioned teams in support of the engineering tasks.

In order to deal with the mission, the Argotec platform uses an autonomous attitude control system, two light solar arrays, an integrated propulsion system with thrusters of 50mN thrust and isp of 40s,^[6] two cameras, anX-band communication system, and an advanced onboard computer.

LICIACube is equipped with two optical cameras for conducting asteroidal reconnaissance during flyby, dubbedLEIA (LICIACube Explorer Imaging for Asteroid), aCatadioptric camera, a narrowfield of view (FoV) of 2.06°, 25microradian/pixel, 2048x2048 pixels, monochrome, achieving a best resolution of 1.38 m/pix at closest approach) camera, andLUKE (LICIACube Unit Key Explorer), a wide 5° FoV imaging camera with an RGB Bayer pattern infrared filter. These captured scientific data revealing the composition of the asteroid and provided data for its autonomous system by finding and tracking the asteroid throughout the encounter. As it was released when DART sped up for its intentional impact, it took an image every 6 seconds during DART's impact period. It had preliminary flyby targets including taking 3 high resolution images revealing the asteroid's morphology concentrating on the physics of the asteroid and plume generations after impact. This may help characterise the consequences of the impact.^[7]

LICIACube was manufactured in Italy and sent toApplied Physics Laboratory (APL) ofJohns Hopkins University in September 2021. On 8 September 2021, the LICIACube was integrated into the DART spacecraft for launch on 24 November 2021, at 06:21:02UTC, inside a spring-loaded box placed on the wall of the DART spacecraft.

LICIACube's goals are to:

• Document the effect of DART's impact on the secondary member of the 65803 Didymos binary asteroid system
• Characterise the shape of the target
• Perform dedicated scientific investigations on it

After the launch, the Cubesat remained enclosed within a spring-loaded box and piggybacks with the DART spacecraft for almost the entire duration of DART's mission. It separated on 11 September 2022 from DART by being ejected at roughly 4 km/h (1.1 m/s; 2.5 mph) relative to DART, 15 days before impact.^[8] After release, as part of the testing process to calibrate the miniature spacecraft and its cameras, LICIACube captured images of a crescent Earth and thePleiadesstar cluster, also known as the Seven Sisters.^[9]

It conducted 3 orbital manoeuvrers for its final trajectory, which flew it past Dimorphos about 2 minutes 45 seconds after DART’s impact. That slight delay allowed LICIACube to confirm impact, observe the plume’s evolution, potentially capture images of the newly formed impact crater, and view the opposite hemisphere of Dimorphos that DART never saw, while drifting past the asteroid.^{[10][11][12][13]}

After the flyby, the spacecraft spent several weeks downlinking image data. Potential targets were selected for an extended mission, including asteroid14827 Hypnos (1986 JK) on 3 June 2024.^[14] Signal with LICIACube was lost on 24 October 2022.^[15]Following unsuccessful attempts to reestablish contact, end of mission was declared on 23 December.

Several images have been transmitted to Earth showing rays of impact debris streaming from Dimorphos.^[16] On 28 September 2022, the first images of the impact from the LICIACube probe were published on a NASA web page.^[17]

• 
  Artist's illustration of DART and LICIACube at the Didymos system
• 
  Infographic of the effects of DART's impact on the orbit ofDimorphos and the deployment of LICIACube.
• 
  LICIACube CubeSat integrating on DART spacecraft
• 
  LICIACube CubeSat integrated on DART spacecraft.
• 
  DART spacecraft with LICIACube protruding on centre left
• 
  DART mating to payload adapter, LICIACube visible at centre
• 
  Falcon 9 launch vehicle's payload fairing being attached to NASA's DART spacecraft (LICIACube visible) on 16 November 2021.
• 
  DART vertical at launch pad

• Planetary defense
• Missions to asteroids
• Solar System Exploration program
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• Spacecraft launched in 2021
• CubeSats
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