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LGBTQ rights in Oceania

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LGBTQ rights in Oceania
  Marriage performed
  Recognition of marriages performed elsewhere in country (American Samoa)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional limit on marriage (Palau)
  Unenforced ban on same-sex sexual activity
Legal statusLegal, with an equal age of consent, in 8 out of 14 countries
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in all 12 territories
Gender identityLegal in 3 out of 14 countries
Legal in 7 out of 12 territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 2 out of 6 countries having an army
Allowed in all 12 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 7 out of 14 countries
Protected in 8 out of 12 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 2 out of 14 countries
Recognized in 8 out of 12 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 2 out of 14 countries
AdoptionLegal in 2 out of 14 countries
Legal in 2 out of 12 territories

Like other regions,Oceania is quite diverse in its laws regardingLGBTQ rights. This ranges from significant rights, includingsame-sex marriage – granted to theLGBTQ community in New Zealand, Australia,Guam,Hawaiʻi,Easter Island,Northern Mariana Islands,Wallis and Futuna,New Caledonia,French Polynesia and thePitcairn Islands – to remaining criminal penalties for homosexual activity in six countries.[1] Although acceptance is growing across the Pacific, violence andsocial stigma remain issues for LGBTQ communities.[2] This also leads to problems with healthcare, including access toHIV treatment in countries such asPapua New Guinea and theSolomon Islands where homosexuality is criminalised.[3]

The United Kingdom introducedconservative social attitudes and anti-LGBTQ laws throughout theBritish Empire, including its colonies throughout thePacific Ocean.[4] This legacy persists inanti-LGBTQ laws found in a majority of countries in the subsequentCommonwealth of Nations. Opponents of LGBTQ rights in Oceania have justified their stance by arguing it is supported by tradition and that homosexuality is a "Western vice", although anti-LGBTQ laws themselves are a colonial British legacy.[4] Several Pacific countries have ancient traditions predating colonization that reflect a unique local perspective of sexuality and gender, such as thefaʻafafine inSamoa,fakaleitī inTonga, ormāhū inHawaiʻi.[4][5]

However, six other countries and territories currently have unenforced criminal penalties for "buggery".[6] These areKiribati,Papua New Guinea,Samoa,Solomon Islands,Tonga, andTuvalu.


Tables:

Australasia

[edit]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
AustraliaAustralia
(including territories of
 Christmas Island, the
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands and
 Norfolk Island)		Yes Always legal for women. Male legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997.Tasmania was the last state to legalise male homosexuality; Equal age of consent in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 2016.
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009;
Domestic partnerships inTasmania (2004),[8]South Australia (2007),[9]Victoria (2008),[10]New South Wales (2010),[11] andQueensland (2012);[12]
Civil unions in theAustralian Capital Territory (2012)[13]		Yes Legal since 2017[14]Yes Legal nationwide since 2018Yes Gay men and lesbians since 1992[15]; Transgender and intersex people since 2010[16]Yes Bansall anti-gay discrimination.[17]Yes/No Since 2025, differing regulations within each jurisdiction regarding change of sex on abirth certificate applies - for example some jurisdictions still requires “appropriate clinical treatment” (WA, SA & NT), while others are based on “self-determination” (TAS, VIC, NSW, ACT & QLD).[18][19]. Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance ofhereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom'sGender Recognition Act 2004.
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island
(external territory of Australia)		Yes Always legal for women. Male legal since 1993.
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		Yes Since 2010[20]Yes Legal since 2017[21]Yes Legal since 2010Yes Australia responsible for defenceYes Bansall anti-gay discrimination.[17]Yes/No Based on "self-determination" (New South Wales law).[22][23]. Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance ofhereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom'sGender Recognition Act 2004.
New ZealandNew ZealandYesLegal since 1986
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2002;
Civil unions since 2005		Yes Legal since 2013[24]Yes Legal since 2013[24]Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[25]Yes Bansall anti-gay discriminationYes Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of theHuman Rights Act 1993; Since July 2023, gender self-determination implemented by legislation on abirth certificate.[26][27]

Melanesia

[edit]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
FijiFijiYes Legal since 2010
+ UN decl. sign.[28][7]		NoNoNoYes Bansall anti-gay discrimination[7]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia
(Special collectivity ofFrance)		Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 2009[29]Yes Legal since 2013Yes Legal since 2013Yes France responsible for defenceYes Bansall anti-gay discriminationYes Under French law
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaNo Male illegal since 1899
Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Rarely enforced, Legalization proposed).
Yes Female always legal[7]		NoNoNoNoYes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNo
Solomon IslandsSolomon IslandsNo Illegal since 1963
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).[7]		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[30]No
VanuatuVanuatuYes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed since independence[31])
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNoNoYes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNo

Micronesia

[edit]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
GuamGuam
(Unincorporated territory of theUnited States)		Yes Legal since 1978Yes Since 2015Yes Legal since 2015Yes Legal since 2002Yes United States responsible for defense[32][33]Yes Bans some anti-gay discriminationYes Allowed to legally change gender, but requiressex reassignment surgeryYes
Federated States of MicronesiaMicronesiaYes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes Bansall anti-gay discrimination[34]
KiribatiKiribatiNo Male illegal since 1892
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).
Yes Female legal[7]		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNo
Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsYes Legal since 2005
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes Bansall anti-gay discrimination[35]
NauruNauruYes Legal since 2016[36][37]
+ UN decl. sign.		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016		No
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands
(Unincorporated territory of theUnited States)		Yes Legal since 1983Yes Since 2015Yes Legal since 2015Yes Legal since 2015Yes United States responsible for defense[32][33]Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[38][39]Yes Under theVital Statistics Act of 2006Yes
PalauPalauYes Legal since 2014
+ UN decl. sign.[40]		NoNo Constitutional ban since 2008NoHas no militaryYes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNo
United StatesUnited States Minor Outlying Islands
(Unincorporated territories of theUnited States)		Yes LegalYesYes LegalYes LegalYes United States responsible for defense[32][33]Yes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNoYes

Polynesia

[edit]
LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
American SamoaAmerican Samoa
(Unincorporated territory of theUnited States)[41]		Yes Legal since 1980No/Yes Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.No/Yes Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.[42]NoYes United States responsible for defense[32][33]Yes Bans some anti-gay discriminationYes[43]
Cook IslandsCook Islands
(Part of theRealm of New Zealand)		Yes Legal since 2023
+ UN decl. sign.[44]		NoNoNoYes New Zealand responsible for defenceYes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[45]No
Easter IslandEaster Island
(Special territory ofChile)		Yes Legal since 1999
+ UN decl.[7]		Yes Civil unions since 2015[46]Yes Since 2022[47]Yes Since 2022[47]Yes Chile responsible for defence[48][49]Yes Bansall anti-gay discrimination[50]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021		Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[51]
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia
(Overseas collectivity ofFrance)		Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Since 2013Yes Legal since 2013Yes Legal since 2013Yes France responsible for defenceYes Bansall anti-gay discriminationYes Under French law
HawaiiHawaii
(Constituent state of theUnited States)		Yes Since 1972Yes Since 1997Yes Since 2013Yes Since 2012Yes United States responsible for defenceYes Bansall anti-gay discriminationYes
NiueNiue
(Part of theRealm of New Zealand)		Yes Legal since 2024
+ UN decl. sign.[52]		NoNoNoYes New Zealand responsible for defenceNo
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands
(Overseas Territory of theUnited Kingdom)		Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Since 2015Yes Legal since 2015[53]Yes Legal since 2015[54]Yes UK responsible for defenceYes Constitutional ban onall anti-gay discrimination[55]
SamoaSamoaNo Male illegal since 1961
Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed)
Yes Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNoNoHas no militaryYes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[56]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2007		 Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called thefa'afafine. They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs.
TokelauTokelau
(Dependent territory of theRealm of New Zealand)		Yes Legal since 2007[57]
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNoNoYes New Zealand responsible for defenceNoNo
TongaTongaNo Male illegal since 1988
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).
Yes Female always legal[7]		NoNoNoNoYes Bans some anti-gay discriminationNo
TuvaluTuvaluNo Male illegal since 1965
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed)
Yes Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		NoNo Constitutional ban since 2023NoHas no militaryYes Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna
(Overseas collectivity ofFrance)		Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[7]		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 2009Yes Legal since 2013Yes Legal since 2013Yes France responsible for defenceYes Bansall anti-gay discriminationYes Under French law


Public opinion

[edit]
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
CountryPollsterYearForAgainstNeutral[a]Margin
of error		Source
AustraliaAustraliaIpsos202363%27% [16% support some rights]10% not sure±3.5%[58]
New ZealandNew ZealandIpsos202370%20% [11% support some rights]9%±3.5%[58]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
CountryPollsterYearForAgainstNeutral[a]Margin
of error		Source
GuamGuamUniversity of Guam201555%29%16%-[59]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abAlso comprises other responses, including: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition"(PDF).International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved19 May 2016.
  2. ^"Gay rights in the Pacific – what still needs to be done?".Asia Pacific Report. Pacific Media Centre. 30 August 2015.Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved15 January 2018.
  3. ^Gerber, Paula (14 May 2014)."Why the Pacific islands are no gay paradise". Monash University.Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved15 January 2018.
  4. ^abcSmith, Harriet (31 October 2016)."Australia's marriage-equality debate reverberates through the Pacific".The Interpreter. Lowy Institute. Archived fromthe original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved15 January 2018.
  5. ^Hopgood, Sela Jane (18 August 2017)."Cooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws".Radio New Zealand Pacific News.Radio New Zealand.Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved15 January 2018.
  6. ^"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition"(PDF).International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved19 May 2016.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrs"State Sponsored Homophobia: Global Legislation Overview Update 2020"(PDF).International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. December 2020. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 March 2024. Retrieved24 September 2025.
  8. ^"Relationships Act 2003". Tasmanian Legislation. Retrieved14 September 2012.
  9. ^"South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006)". pinknews.com.au. Retrieved3 September 2007.
  10. ^Relationships Act 2008 (Vic)
  11. ^"Massive support for register". Star Observer. 13 May 2010. Retrieved14 September 2012.
  12. ^Agius, Kym (1 December 2011)."Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage". Retrieved14 September 2012.
  13. ^"Civil Unions Bill 2011". ACT Government. Retrieved14 September 2012.
  14. ^Chang, Charis (8 December 2017)."Same-sex marriage is now legal in Australia".news.com.au. Retrieved8 December 2017.
  15. ^"Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military".query.nytimes.com. 24 November 1992.
  16. ^Sweijs, Tim."LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion".hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved4 November 2020.
  17. ^ab"Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013".aph.gov.au.
  18. ^"Change of sex".NSW Government. Archived fromthe original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  19. ^"Equality Legislation Amendment (LGBTIQA+) Bill 2023". Parliament of New South Wales. 2023. Archived fromthe original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved24 July 2025.
  20. ^"Massive support for register". Star Observer. 13 May 2010. Retrieved14 September 2012.
  21. ^Chang, Charis (8 December 2017)."Same-sex marriage is now legal in Australia".news.com.au. Retrieved8 December 2017.
  22. ^"Change of sex".NSW Government. Archived fromthe original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  23. ^"Equality Legislation Amendment (LGBTIQA+) Bill 2023". Parliament of New South Wales. 2023. Archived fromthe original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved24 July 2025.
  24. ^ab"Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law".Gaynz. 19 April 2013. Archived fromthe original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved23 September 2025.
  25. ^Sweijs, Tim."LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion".hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved4 November 2020.
  26. ^"New Zealand passes law making it easier to change sex on birth certificates".The Guardian. 9 December 2021.
  27. ^"Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill".New Zealand Parliament. Archived fromthe original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  28. ^Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010)."Same sex law decriminalised".Fiji Times. Archived fromthe original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved6 October 2011.
  29. ^"NEW CALEDONIA CATCHES UP TO FRANCE".Star Observer. 9 June 2009.
  30. ^"Solomon Islands Gazette Supplement, No. 35 (8 August 2016)".www.paclii.org. Retrieved30 September 2025.
  31. ^"Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review regarding the protection of the rights of LGBTI persons in Vanuatu"(PDF). Kaleidoscope Human Rights Foundation and the VPride Foundation. Retrieved5 April 2021.
  32. ^abcd"In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military".CNN. 23 July 2011.
  33. ^abcdMcLaughlin, Elizabeth (1 January 2018)."Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military".ABC News. Archived fromthe original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved24 September 2025.
  34. ^"Act No 20-150"(PDF). Federated States of Micronesia. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 December 2018. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  35. ^"GENDER EQUALITY ACT, 2019"(PDF). 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 11 January 2021. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  36. ^"Nauru decriminalises homosexuality".RNZ. 27 May 2016. Archived fromthe original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  37. ^"Crimes Act 2016".Ronlaw. 2016. Archived fromthe original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  38. ^"CHAPTER 90-40 MARIANAS VISITORS AUTHORITY PERSONNEL REGULATIONS"(PDF).
  39. ^"TITLE 10 CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION"(PDF). Commonwealth Law Revision Commission. 2016. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 December 2018. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  40. ^"Palau decriminalises sex between men".Gay NZ. 15 October 2014. Archived fromthe original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  41. ^"Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004.Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved21 December 2008.
  42. ^Sagapolutele, Fili."American Samoa is lone US territory questioning gay marriage validity; no licenses sought". USNews. Retrieved10 July 2015.
  43. ^"American Samoa".National Center for Transgender Equality.
  44. ^Leonard, Lana (18 April 2023)."Cook Islands decriminalizes consensual LGBTQ adult relationships making headway for other countries to do the same".Glaad. Archived fromthe original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved24 September 2025.
  45. ^"Employment Relations Act 2012"(PDF).intaff.whupi.com. 2012.
  46. ^"LEY-20830 21-ABR-2015 MINISTERIO SECRETARIA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". 21 April 2015.
  47. ^abBonnefoy, Pascale; Londoño, Ernesto (7 December 2021)."Chile Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage at Fraught Political Moment".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved7 December 2021.
  48. ^(in Spanish)Claudio Ortiz Lazo."Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas". Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved21 April 2012.
  49. ^"Histórico: Ejército admite por primera vez en sus filas a un hombre trans".CNN Chile (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved2 February 2021.
  50. ^"Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law".Jurist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved29 June 2012.
  51. ^"Chilean President Signs Transgender Rights Law".On Top Magazine.
  52. ^"A history of LGBT criminalisation".Human Dignity Trust. 17 September 2025. Archived fromthe original on 2 August 2025. Retrieved24 September 2025.
  53. ^"Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015".Equality Case Files. Archived fromthe original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  54. ^"Laws - PITCAIRN".GayLawNet. Archived fromthe original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  55. ^"The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010"(PDF). Pitcairn Islands. 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved24 May 2024.
  56. ^"Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013"(PDF).Legislative Assembly. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved24 July 2025.
  57. ^"Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003".PacLii. Retrieved9 April 2021.
  58. ^abLGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY(PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved12 June 2023.
  59. ^UOG Poll: 55% Support Gay Marriage,Pacific News Center, April 22, 2015
Sovereign states
Associated states
of New Zealand
Dependencies
and other territories
LGBTQ rights overview
General
By regions (list)
By years (list)
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Ideological
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