Launch Complex 39B

Space Launch System atop LC-39B on March 18, 2022
Interactive map of Launch Complex 39B
Launch site	Kennedy Space Center
Location	Merritt Island, Florida
Coordinates	28°37′38″N80°37′15″W / 28.62722°N 80.62083°W /28.62722; -80.62083
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Operator	NASA (1967–present)
Orbital inclination range	28–62°
Launch history Status Active Launches 60 First launch May 18, 1969 (1969-05-18) Saturn V /Apollo 10 Last launch November 16, 2022 (2022-11-16) Space Launch System /Artemis 1 Associated rockets Current:SLS Retired:Saturn V,Saturn IB,Space Shuttle,Ares I-X Plans cancelled:Ares I,OmegA
Launch Complex 39--Pad B
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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Location	John F. Kennedy Space Center,Titusville, Florida
Area	160 acres (65 ha)
Built	1967-1968
MPS	John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
NRHP reference No.	99001639[1]
Added to NRHP	January 21, 2000

Launch sites atCape Canaveral Space Force Station andKennedy Space Center

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  Active pads

  Active pads not used for launches

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LC-39B

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LC-39A

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LC-48

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SLC-41

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SLC-40

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LC-47

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SLC-37

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LC-34

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SLC-20

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LC-19

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LC-16

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LC-15

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LC-14

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LC-13 (LZ-2)

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LC-12

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LC-11

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LC-36

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LC-1,LC-2,LC-3, andLC-4

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SLC-46

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LC-18

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SLC-17

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LC-26

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LC-5 andLC-6

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LC-29

Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B) is the second ofLaunch Complex 39's threelaunch pads, located atNASA'sKennedy Space Center inMerritt Island, Florida. The pad, along withLaunch Complex 39A, was first designed for theSaturn V launch vehicle, which at the time was the United States' most powerful rocket. Typically used to launch NASA'screwed spaceflight missions since the late 1960s, the pad is currently configured for use by the agency'sSpace Launch System rocket, aShuttle-derived launch vehicle which is currently used in theArtemis program and subsequent Moon to Mars campaigns. The pad had also been leased by NASA to aerospace companyNorthrop Grumman, for use as a launch site for their Shuttle-derivedOmegA launch vehicle, forNational Security Space Launch flights and commercial launches, before the OmegA program was cancelled.

In 1961, President Kennedy proposed to Congress the goal of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Congressional approval led to the launch of theApollo program, which required a massive expansion of NASA operations, including an expansion of launch operations from the Cape to adjacent Merritt Island to the north and west.^[2]

Launch Complex 39B was designed to handle launches of theSaturn V rocket, the largest and most powerful launch vehicle, which would propel Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. Launch Complex 39B's inaugural launch in May 1969 was also that of the only Saturn V to launch from the pad; SA-505, used to launch theApollo 10 mission.

After theApollo 17 mission in 1972, Pad 39B was used forSaturn IB launches. TheMobile Launchers were then modified for the Saturn IB rocket, by adding a "milk-stool" extension platform to the launch pedestal, so that theS-IVB upper stage and Apollo spacecraft swing arms would reach their targets. These were used for three crewedSkylab flights and theApollo–Soyuz, since the Saturn IB pads 34 and 37 at Cape Canaveral had been decommissioned.^[3][4]

With the advent of theSpace Shuttle program in the early 1980s, the original structure of the launch pads were remodeled for the needs of theSpace Shuttle. Pad 39A hosted all Space Shuttle launches until January 1986, whenSpace Shuttle Challenger would become the first to launch from pad 39B during the ill-fatedSTS-51-L mission, which ended withthe destruction ofChallenger and the death of the mission's crew a minute into the flight.

Launch Complex 39B hosted 53 Space Shuttle launches until December 2006, whenDiscovery launched from the pad for the final time during theSTS-116 mission. The program's remaining flights launched from pad 39A. To support the final Shuttle mission to the Hubble Space TelescopeSTS-125 launched from pad 39A in May 2009,Endeavour was placed on 39B if needed to launch theSTS-400 rescue mission.

Launch Complex 39B would subsequently be reconfigured for crewedAres I launches as part of theConstellation program; theAres I-X mission launched a prototype Ares I from 39B in October 2009, prior to the program's cancellation the following year.

On November 16, 2022, at 06:47:44 UTC, theSpace Launch System (SLS) was launched from Complex 39B as part of theArtemis 1 mission.^[5][6]

After the Ares I-X test flight in 2009, NASA removed the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) from Pad 39B, returning the location to an Apollo-like "clean pad" design for the first time since 1977. This approach is intended to make the pad available to multiple types of vehicles that will arrive at the pad with service structures on themobile launcher platform, as opposed to using fixed structures on the pad.^[7] The LH₂, LOX, and water tanks used for the sound suppression system are the only structures left from the Space Shuttle era.^[8][9][10]

In 2014, NASA announced that it would make LC-39B available to commercial users during times when it is not needed by the Space Launch System.^[11] NASA subsequently agreed to allow Orbital ATK to use LC-39B for theirOmegA launch vehicle.^[12] However Northrop Grumman, who absorbed Orbital ATK in June 2018,^[13] cancelled the development of OmegA in September 2020 before any launches had taken place; SLS will therefore remain the only user of LC-39B for the foreseeable future.^[14][15]

As of November 2022^[update], LC-39B manages theSpace Launch System (SLS)'s processing and launch operations, as part of the first phase of a five-phase project, were being completed. The second phase of this project is currently budgeted for $89.2 million.^[16][17][6]

All flights operated byNASA.

All flights operated byNASA.

All flights operated byNASA.

• 
  TheSaturn V used forApollo 10 at LC-39B (1969)
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  Pad 9B holding aSaturn IB on the "milkstool" launcher to be used for theApollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975)
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  An aerial shot LC-39B during theSpace Shuttle era, looking towards the south (1998)
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  TheAres I-X launches from LC-39B (2009)
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  LC-39B with added lightning towers and holding the SLS Block 1mobile launcher (2019)
• 
  TheSLS used inArtemis 1 on the pad of LC-39B (2022)

• List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites

Sources

Citations

Wikimedia Commons has media related toKennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B.

• Launch Pad 39B atNASA
• Cape Canaveral LC39B atEncyclopedia Astronautica
• Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 300Archived October 31, 2009, at theWayback Machine
• Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 275Archived October 26, 2009, at theWayback Machine
• Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 255Archived November 1, 2009, at theWayback Machine
• Pad B modifications for Ares 1-X, level 235Archived October 31, 2009, at theWayback Machine

• 1969 establishments in Florida
• Apollo program
• Artemis program
• Constellation program
• Kennedy Space Center launch sites
• Space Shuttle program

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