21°50′52″N106°45′28″E / 21.84778°N 106.75778°E /21.84778; 106.75778
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Lạng Sơn | |
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| Lang Sơn City Thành phố Lạng Sơn | |
 A corner of Lạng Sơn city | |
 Seal | |
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  Lạng Sơn Location in Vietnam Show map of Vietnam Lạng Sơn Lạng Sơn (Southeast Asia) Show map of Southeast Asia Lạng Sơn Lạng Sơn (Asia) Show map of Asia | |
| Coordinates:21°50′52″N106°45′28″E / 21.84778°N 106.75778°E /21.84778; 106.75778 | |
| Country |  Vietnam |
| Province | Lạng Sơn Province |
| Founded | November 1, 2002 |
| Government | |
| • Chairman of the People's Council | Phạm Đức Huân |
| • Chairman of the People's Committee | Lê Trí Thức |
| Area | |
| 79 km2 (31 sq mi) | |
| Population (2019) | |
| 200,108 | |
| • Density | 1,371/km2 (3,550/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 77,275 |
| • Ethnicities | KinhTàyNùngHoaDaoMườngSán DìuSán Chỉ... |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | thanhpho |
Lạng Sơn (listenⓘ) is a city in far NorthernVietnam, and the capital ofLạng Sơn Province. It is accessible by road and rail fromHanoi, the Vietnamese capital, and it is the northernmost point onNational Route 1.
Due to its geography as Vietnam's gateway to China (being located just across fromGuangxi), Lạng Sơn (諒山) and its ancient citadel have been in the path of many invasions, and were the site of three French defeats during the colonial era. Occupied by Qing forces during the military buildup that preceded theSino-French War, the city was occupied byFrance after the two-weekLạng Sơn Campaign in February 1885. However, the French brigade there conducted a hasty retreat after launching a failed attack at theBattle of Bang Bo intoChina; the "retreat from Lạng Sơn" became the most controversial aspect of the war and led to the fall ofJules Ferry's ministry.[1] Outnumbered French colonial forces clashed with the Japanese 5th Division in the Battle of Lạng Sơn during the JapaneseVietnam Expedition on 22 September 1940. The French were again compelled to retreat hastily.[2] In 1945 it was again the scene of heavy fighting during theJapanese coup d'état in French Indochina.
After the end of thePacific War, the French colonial army established a permanent garrison there, which served as the logistics hub for the French border fortresses. It was evacuated in 1950 duringVõ Nguyên Giáp'soffensive against the French border forts, considered a turning point in theIndochina War. The city was thecenter of fighting during theSino-Vietnamese War of 1979, and fell to the Chinese military who briefly occupied it.[3]
The surface rocks in the area are aPermian limestone, overlain by the earlyTriassic Lang Son Formation, consisting offlyschoid beds with interbedded sandstones, siltstones and clay shales and somefelsic volcanics.[4] This place even can experience snow in the coldest moments of winter although Vietnam is basically snow free, it and the whole ofNorthern Vietnam is in an area of thesubtropical climate.
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Under theKöppen climate classification, Lạng Sơn has ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa). It had been snowed in the city on 24 January 2016.[5]
| Climate data for Lạng Sơn | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.6 (88.9) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.7 (98.1) | 38.6 (101.5) | 39.8 (103.6) | 38.8 (101.8) | 38.5 (101.3) | 37.7 (99.9) | 36.6 (97.9) | 35.2 (95.4) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 39.8 (103.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.9 (71.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 30.2 (86.4) | 31.5 (88.7) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.2 (86.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 23.7 (74.7) | 19.8 (67.6) | 25.9 (78.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) | 14.7 (58.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.6 (79.9) | 25.2 (77.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 14.6 (58.3) | 21.3 (70.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.4 (59.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 22.1 (71.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 18.8 (65.8) | 14.8 (58.6) | 11.0 (51.8) | 18.1 (64.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) | −1.7 (28.9) | 0.9 (33.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 13.2 (55.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | −1.5 (29.3) | −2.1 (28.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 35.4 (1.39) | 33.3 (1.31) | 50.3 (1.98) | 91.1 (3.59) | 159.4 (6.28) | 191.3 (7.53) | 236.0 (9.29) | 227.6 (8.96) | 141.8 (5.58) | 78.9 (3.11) | 41.4 (1.63) | 24.2 (0.95) | 1,318.2 (51.90) |
| Average rainy days | 9.3 | 10.0 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 13.5 | 15.6 | 16.6 | 17.2 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 141.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 80.4 | 82.5 | 83.6 | 82.7 | 81.6 | 83.6 | 84.2 | 85.9 | 84.7 | 82.0 | 80.0 | 78.0 | 82.5 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 74.5 | 59.2 | 59.2 | 98.1 | 171.2 | 161.4 | 180.2 | 171.3 | 174.4 | 157.5 | 136.3 | 115.5 | 1,561.4 |
| Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)[7] | |||||||||||||
The city has diverse topographical and geological features, including hill, mountainous, half mountainous, coastal plains and coastal sand dunes.
The hilly region is in the west, stretching from north to south (in parts of communes: Dong Son, Thuan Duc) with an average elevation of 12–15 m, with total area of 64.93 km2, 41.7% of the city total area. Residents here live on agriculture, forestry, farming. The soil in this area is poor in nutrition, infertile and subject to continuous erosion due to its slope of 7-10%.
The half hilly region surrounds a plain with an average elevation of 10 m from north-east - north to north-west – south-west and south – south-east.[clarification needed] This region covers communes and wards of Bắc Lý, Nam Lý, Nghĩa Ninh, Bắc Nghĩa, Đức Ninh, Đức Ninh Đông, Lộc Ninh and Phú Hải with total area of 62.87 km2, or accounts for 40.2% of the city total area. Residents here lives on industrial, handcraft, trading and a small percentage lives on farming. This region is not very fertile, subject to alum. However, thanks to the heavy distribution of rivers and lakes, ponds and pools, it's better for agriculture than the hilly region. The plain with the average of 2.1 m, with little slope, accounting for 0.2% of the city area (5.76 km2). Most of the city's commercial, administrative and main streets concentrate in this narrow regions. Coastal sand dune area is on the east of the city, with an area of 21.98 km2, making up 14.3% of the total area.[citation needed]
![Kỳ Cùng Temple (also known as Quan Lớn Tuần Tranh Temple) [8]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%2581n_K%25E1%25BB%25B3_C%25C3%25B9ng.jpg)
![Kỳ Cùng stone wharf[9] belongs to Lạng Sơn city. In 1993, the temple was recognized as a national monument.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aB%25E1%25BA%25BFn_%25C4%2591%25C3%25A1_K%25E1%25BB%25B3_C%25C3%25B9ng.jpg)
| Bắc Giang province |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Bắc Kạn province | ||
| Cao Bằng province | ||
| Hà Giang province | ||
| Lạng Sơn province | ||
| Phú Thọ province | ||
| Quảng Ninh province | ||
| Thái Nguyên province | ||
| Tuyên Quang province | ||
※ denotes provincial seat. | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
