| Lý Thánh Tông 李聖宗 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Emperor of Đại Việt | |||||||||||||||||||||
 A statue of emperor Lý Thánh Tông | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor of Đại Việt | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 3 November 1054 – 1 February 1072[1][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Đại Cồ Việt renamed to Đại Việt | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Lý Nhân Tông | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch of the Lý dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 1054–1072 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Lý Thái Tông | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Lý Nhân Tông | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 19 March 1023 Long Đức palace,Thăng Long | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 1 February 1072 (aged 48) Hội Tiên palace,Thăng Long | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Thọ Tomb | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | 8 concubines, including Empress Thượng Dương Empress Linh Nhân (靈仁皇太后)(Ỷ Lan) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue | Duke Lý Càn Đức(Lý Nhân Tông) Duke of Minh Nhân Princess Động Thiên Princess Thiên Thành Princess Ngọc Kiều(adoptive) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| House | Lý | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Lý Thái Tông | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Linh Cảm (Mai thị) (靈感皇后枚氏) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Temple name | |
| Vietnamese alphabet | Lý Thánh Tông |
|---|---|
| Chữ Hán | 李聖宗 |
| Personal name | |
| Vietnamese alphabet | Lý Nhật Tôn |
|---|---|
| Chữ Hán | 李日尊 |
Lý Thánh Tông (19th March 1023 - 1st February 1072), personal nameLý Nhật Tôn[lǐɲə̀tton], temple nameThánh Tông, was the third emperor of theLý dynasty and the 8th ruler of the Vietnamese dynastyĐại Việt. In his reign, Lý Thánh Tông promoted the agricultural development, reducing some harsh laws and building many Confucianist and Buddhist institutions, most notably the first Temple of Literature in Vietnam (1072). He also fought several successful wars withChampa, resulting in the expansion of Vietnamese territory to the areas which areQuảng Bình Province andQuảng Trị Province today. Chinese sources identify Lý Nhật Tôn as the Viet monarch that dared toclaim imperial status, which for the Chinese was a direct challenge to their view of the world that prelude to the Song-Viet war in 1070s.
Lý Nhật Tôn was the eldest son of the second emperorLý Phật Mã and Queen Mai Thị. He was born on March 30, 1023, at Càn Đức palace. Unlike his father and grandfather, he had not lived in the disturbed atmosphere ofHoa Lư. He came of age witnessing and participating in the exuberance of Lý Phật Mã's reign. His father had readily delegated important tasks to him. He led soldiers against rebels, he judged offenders, he presided over the court in his father's absence, and he always knew that he would be king. In 1033, he was conferred crown prince after his father ascended the throne asPrince Khai Hoàng (開皇王).
Just after succession, Lý Nhật Tôn shortened the kingdom's name fromĐại Cồ Việt toĐại Việt (literally "Great Viet"),[3] initiating the most prosperous epoch throughout the history ofVietnam under that name.[4]
Lý Thánh Tông incorporated both Sinic and Indic elements into his court.[5] In 1059 he ordered all palace officers who would approach him to wear contemporary Chinese-style headgear and footwear. Junior royal servants, scribes (thư gia), ten of whom were promoted to law officers in 1067.[3] In 1063, at 40 years old and still without a son and having visited shrines and temples throughout the kingdom to pray for an heir, he traveled to thePháp Vân pagoda, about thirty kilometers east of Thăng Long at the ancient site of Luy Lâu, whereShi Xie had governed at the turn of the third century. This was among the first Buddhist temples to be built in theRed River Delta. Thánh Tông found interest on a young girl namedỶ Lan who ignored the king's hubbub while continued working on themulberry farm, and then took her as queen. Three years later she gave birth for princeLý Càn Đức.[4] It appears that it was Lý Nhật Tôn who first conferred uponLý Công Uẩn and Lý Phật Mãposthumous titles derived from Chinese dynastic usage.[6]
In order to educate people with Chinese classics, in 1070 Thánh Tông authorized the construction ofVăn Miếu, the Temple of Literature, a scholarly shrine and archive inThăng Long that was stocked with clay statues of theDuke of Zhou and ofConfucius and his followers and paintings of seventy-two other disciples of Confucius.[3] Thánh Tông also relied on his chief ministerLý Đạo Thành to educate his four-year-old sonLý Càn Đức in Chinese classics.[5] Thánh Tông also reorganized the royal army, equipped them with cavalries andcatapults.[7] In 1068, Thánh Tông ordered the war boats to be repaired. In making plans for the Champa campaign he relied onLý Thường Kiệt (1019–1105), the ranking military officer at court.[8]
AfterNong Zhigao's rebellion was suppressed in 1055, the Guangnan West Circuit Fiscal Commissioner, Wang Han (fl. 1043–1063), feared that Nong Zhigao's kinsmen Nùng Tông Đán intended to plunder the region after he crossed the Song border in 1057.[9][10] Wang Han took a personal visit to Nùng Tông Đán's camp and spoke with Nong Zhigao's son, explaining that seeking "Interior Dependency" status would alienate them from the Vietnamese, but if they remained outside ofChina proper they could safely act as loyal frontier militia.[11] A local Song official, Xiao Zhu, agitated for military action against Thăng Long to settle the border question. They secretly trained military units and sheltered refugees from the Vietnamese side, including army deserters. The contradiction between the pacific pronouncements of the Song court and the devious, provocative policy of local Song officials angered Lý Nhật Tôn. In 1059, Lý Nhật Tôn to launch a punitive attack across the border, declaring his hate for "Sung's untrustworthiness".[6][12] After a year or so of attacks and counter-attacks, in which the local Sung officials fared poorly, a parley between Sung and Vietnamese envoys produced a temporary calm as some activist Sung officials were dismissed and the Sung court officially accepted Thăng Long's explanation of events.[13] According to the Chinese, Lý Nhật Tôn violated propriety by arrogantly proclaiming himself an emperor.[4] Because of recently violence in the borders, local Song officials went so far as to conspire with the Cham king to put pressure on the Vietnamese.[14] A Vietnamese embassy was permitted to offer tribute to the court ofRenzong inKaifeng, arriving on 8 February 1063 to deliver gifts, including nine tamedelephants.[15] The king sent a second embassy to the Sung court in 1067 to congratulateShenzong's coronation, and received gifts from the Sung emperor including a golden belt, silver ingots, 300 bolts of silk, two horses, a saddle inlaid with gold and silver plating.[16]
AsChampa constantly harassed the area near the border between the two nations and sometimes intruded deeply to loot, in 1069 Lý Thánh Tông himself led an seaborne invasion of Champa. He defeated the Cham army, burnedVijaya, and captured the king of Champa,Rudravarman III onKhmer territories.[17] Rudravarman III implored Lý Thánh Tông to release him in exchange for three areas, known as Địa Lý, Ma Linh, and Bố Chính. These now form part ofQuảng Bình Province andQuảng Trị Province.[18]
Nhật Tôn's victorious army brought back thousands more Cham prisoners and resettled them near capitalThăng Long. These captives contributed Cham music to Viet court; they included Tao Tang, a Chinese monk who had been living at the Cham court. Under the guidance of his new royal patron Nhật Tôn, he established Đại Việt's thirdThiền Buddhist sect. Alongside the popularVinītaruci sect thatLý Công Uẩn had favored and the more ascetic and scholarlyVõ Ngôn Thông sect ofLý Phật Mã, the kingdom acquired a princely order that was patronized by later Lý monarchs and catered to court interests, but also incorporated more cosmopolitan influences, including elements of Chinese Buddhism.[19]
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Unlike his father and grandfather, Thánh Tông does not seem to have been much engaged with either the Buddhist or the spirit world.[5] In 1057 Thánh Tông erected a Buddha statue in Thăng Long as the reincarnation of a pantheon of spirits, including the ancientLạc saintGióng and the Chinese god of war,Chen Wu, while several years later the ministerLý Đạo Thành erected a Buddha statue and established a garden dedicated to aBodhisattva in the grounds of the provincial Temple of Literature inNghệ An.[3] In the capital, Thánh Tông ordered the construction of a temple calledPhạn Vương Đế Thích for the worship ofIndra (Đế Thích).[20] Also in the same year he constructed a royal cult linkedHindu-Buddhist king of the godIndra as well asBrahma (Phạn Vương);[21][5] every year, before theTếtlunar new year two days, Vietnamese kings and his entourage would go to the shrine of Indra to worship.[20] He also had two temples Thiên Phúc and Thiên Thọ, golden statues of Brahma and Sakra to worship.[22] In early 1072, Thánh Tông went up to the mount ofTản Viên to worship themountain spirit.[23]
In January 1072, he suddenly died at the age of 49, having ruled for 17 years. During his rule, he used 5 era names:
| Lý Khánh Vân (adoptive father) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lý Công Uẩn (974–1028) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Phạm Thị Ngà | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lý Phật Mã (1000–1054) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lê Mịch | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lê Hoàn (941–1005) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Đặng Thị Sen | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lê Thị Phất Ngân (981–?) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dương Tam Kha (?–980) | |||||||||||||||||||
| QueenDương (942–1001) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lý Nhật Tôn (1023–1072) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Queen Mai | |||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emperor of the Lý dynasty 1054–1072 | Succeeded by |
Lý imperial family (notable members) | |||||||
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Notes:
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