Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv[a] were the threelegendary brothers—often mentioned along with their sisterLybеd'[b] —who, according to thePrimary Chronicle,[1] founded the city of Kiev (modernKyiv), which eventually became the capital ofKievan Rus', and is the present-day capital ofUkraine.
There is no precise and historically established information about the existence of the four legendary siblings and the establishment of the city of Kiev.[2] It has been claimed by some scholars that Kyi was also a prince (knyaz) and founded the so-calledKyi dynasty, from the Slavic tribe of Polans.[3]
In thePrimary Chronicle (c. 1110s), written by a monk of theKyiv Pechersk Lavra (traditionally attributed toNestor), a special place is held by the legend of the foundation of Kiev by three brothers.[2] Nestor places those brothers onto varioushills of Kyiv.[2] Geographically, theOld Town is located on a higher right bank of theDnieper, which is an extension of theDnieper Upland, where remnants of theChurch of the Tithes are located.[citation needed]
TheChronicle further states that there were people ("who did not know what they were saying") who considered Kyi a mere ferryman.[2] But it later claims that Kyi, as a prince of his gens, was visitingCzargrad and received great honors from the Emperor.[2]Dmitry Likhachov combined attestations of theNikon Chronicle, which also recounts that Kyi with a great army marched onto Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor.[2] During his expedition toConstantinople, Kyi also founded a city of Kyivets on theDanube.[2]
Nestor also names the approximate date of the assault on Kyiv by theKhazar Empire as "after the death of Kyi," which supportsBoris Rybakov's hypothesis of the 6th–7th centuries.[2] In his chronicle Nestor does not indicate the date of Kyi's death nor the existence or absence of heirs who continued to rule after his death.[2] The chronicle does mention a meeting between local residents with the newly arrivedAskold and Dir who asked them whose city Kjiv was, and received the answer that the three brothers who built it were long dead and the residents now paid tribute to theKhazars.[2] However, the Polish historianJan Długosz points out the Przemysł Chronicle that asserts, "after the death of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, their children and grandchildren who descended from them by direct lineage ruled for many years."[2]
The text of the legendary founding of Kiev (Kyiv) by the three brothers and their sister is found in thePrimary Chronicle on page 9, lines 5–21.[4] Each full sentence has been highlighted in the comparison below:
| Line | Laurentian Codex[4] | Hypatian Codex[4] | Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor English translation of theLaurentian text (2013) [1930, 1953][5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9.5 | полемъ же жившемъ ѡсобѣ и володѣ ющемъ | полѧномъ же живущиим ѡсобѣ и владѣющимъ | While the Polyanians lived apart and governed |
| 9.6 | и роды своими. иже и до сее братьѣ бѧху | роды своим. ꙗже и до сеꙗ братѧ бѧху | their families (for before the time of these brothers there were already |
| 9.7 | полѧне. и живѧху кождо съ своимъ родомъ. и | полѧне. и живѧху кождо съ родом своимъ. | Polyanians, and each one lived with his gens |
| 9.8 | на своихъ мѣстѣхъ. владѣюще кождо родомъ | на своихъ мѣстехъ. володѣюще кождо родомъ | on his own lands, ruling over his kinsfolk), |
| 9.9 | своимъ на своихъ мѣстѣх. быша .г҃. братьꙗ. | своимъ·:· И быша .г҃. брата. | there were three brothers, |
| 9.10 | единому имѧ кии. а другому щекъ. а третьему | аединому имѧ кии. а другому щекъ. а третьему | Kyi, Shchek, and |
| 9.11 | хорвиъ] сестра ихъ лыбедь.сѣдѧще | хоривъ. и сестра ихъ лыб<ѣ>дь.и сѣдѧше | Khoriv, and their sister was named Lybed'.Kyi |
| 9.12 | кии на горѣ гдѣ же <ны> не оувозъ боричевъ. | кии на горѣ кдѣ нн҃ѣ оувозъ боричевъ. | lived upon the hill where the Borichev trail now is, |
| 9.13 | а щекъ сѣдѧше на горѣ. гдѣ ныне зоветсѧ | а щекъ сѣдѧше на горѣ. кдѣ ннѣ зоветсѧ | and Shchek dwelt upon the hill now named |
| 9.14 | щековица. а хоривъ на третьеи горѣ. | щековица. а хоривъ на третьеи горѣ. | Shchekovitsa, while on the third resided Khoriv, |
| 9.15 | ѿ него же прозвасѧ хоревица.и створиша | ѿ нюдѹ же прозвасѧ хорівица.створиша | after whom this hill is named Khorevitsa.They built |
| 9.16 | градъ во имѧ брата своего старѣишаго. и нарекоша | городокъ. во имѧ брата ихъ старѣишаго. и наркоша | a town and named it [...] after their oldest brother [and named |
| 9.17 | имѧ ему киевъ.бѧше ѡколо | и киевъ.и бѧше ѡколо | it Kyiv].Around the |
| 9.18 | града сѣсъ и боръ великъ. и бѧху ловѧща | города лѣсъ и боръ великъ. и бѧху ловѧще | town lay a wood and a great pine-forest in which they used to catch |
| 9.19 | звѣрьбѧху мужи мудри и смыслени | звѣрь.бѧхуть бо мудрѣ и смыслени. и | wild beasts.These men were wise and prudent; |
| 9.20 | нарицахусѧ полѧне. ѿ ни<хже> есть полѧне | нари[ци]хусѧ полѧне. ѿ нихъ же суть полѧне. | they were called Polyanians, and there are Polyanians descended from them living |
| 9.21 | в киевѣ и до сего д҃не. | киꙗне и до сего д҃ни. | in Kyiv to this day. |
In the subsequent lines 9.22–10.14, the background, life story and legacy of Kyi and his siblings is briefly lined out.[6] Lines 10:5 and 10:6 contain well-known examples of disputedtextual variants in thePrimary Chronicle: the main textual witnesses including theLaurentian andHypatian Codices have different texts here, and scholars cannot agree which manuscript most closely reflects the original text.[7]
| Line | Laurentian Codex[6] | Hypatian Codex[6] | Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor English translation of theLaurentian text (2013) [1930, 1953][5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9.22 | Ини же не свѣдуще рекоша. ꙗко кии | инииже не вѣдуще ркоша. ꙗко кии | Some ignorant persons have claimed that Kyi |
| 9.23 | есть перевозникъ былъ. оу кіева бо бѧше перевозъ | есть перевозникъ быс. оу киева бо перевозъ бѧше | was a ferryman, for near Kyiv there was a ferry |
| 10.1 | тогдас оноꙗ стороны днѣ[пра]. тѣмь | тогдасъ ѡноꙗ страны днепра.тѣмь | at that time from the other side of theDŭněprŭ, therefore |
| 10.2 | гл҃ху на перевозъ на киевъ.аще бо бы | гл҃ахуна перевозъ на киевъ.аще бо былъ | [people] used to say: "To Kyi's ferry."Now if |
| 10.3 | перевозникъ кии. то не бы ходилъ цр҃югороду | перевозникъ кыи. то не бы ходилъ къ црсюград. | Kyi had been a mere ferryman, he would never have gone toTsargrad. |
| 10.4 | но секии кнѧжаше в родѣ своемь. | но сии кии кнѧжаше в роду своем. и | He was then the chief of his kin, and |
| 10.5 | приходившю ему ко цр҃ю. ꙗкоже сказають. | приходившю ему къ с црсю не свѣмы. но токмо ѡ семъ вѣмы ꙗкоже сказають | Laurentian:[when he came to the tsar, as they say,] Hypatian:'[precisely] when he came to the tsar', we cannot determine, but one thing/this we do know, as they say'[7] |
| 10.6 | ꙗко велику честь приꙗлъ ѿ цр҃ѧ. при | ꙗко велику честь приꙗлъ есть ѿ црсѧ. которого не вѣмъ. и при | Laurentian:'what great honor he received from the [tsar]' Hypatian:'that he received great honor from the tsar'[7] whom we do not know and |
| 10.7 | [ко]торомь приходивъ цр҃и.идущю же ему ѡпѧть. | котором приходи црси.идущю жеему ѡпѧть. | in whose [reign] he came to the tsar.On his homeward journey, |
| 10.8 | приде къ дунаеви. възлюби мѣсто и сруби | приде къ дунаеви. и възлюби мѣсто. и сруби | he arrived at the Danube. The place pleased him and he built |
| 10.9 | градокъ малъ хотѧше сѣсти с родомъ | городокъ малъ. и хотѧше сѣсти с родомъ | a small town, wishing to dwell there with his |
| 10.10 | а [с]воимъи не даша ему ту [блі] зь живущии. еже и | своимъ.и недаша ему близъ живущии. еже и | kinsfolk.But those who lived near by would not grant him this [privilege]. Yet even now |
| 10.11 | донынѣ наречють дуиц[и городі] ще киевець. | доннѣнарѣчють дунаици. городі ще киевѣць. | the dwellers by the Danube call this town Kyivets. |
| 10.12 | киевиже пришедшю въ свои гр[адъ киев]ъ. | киевиже прішедшю въ свои городъ киевъ. | When Kyi returned to Kyiv, his native city, |
| 10.13 | ту животъ свои сконча. а братъ его ще[къ] | ту и скон[ч]аживотъ свои. и брата его щекъ | he ended his life there; and his brothers Shchek |
| 10.14 | [и хорі] въ и сестра их лыбедь ту скончашсаѧ. | и хоривъ. и сестра ихъ лы бѣдь ту скон[ч]ашасѧ·:· | and Khoriv, as well as their sister Lybed', died there also. |
ThePrimary Chronicle relates three different versions of what happened to political power amongst the Polyanians in the period after the four siblings (the three brothers and their sister) died and before theKhazars vassalised them. Lines 10.15–10.17 suggest that the offspring of Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid' continued to reign amongst the Polyanians, while theDerevlians and other tribes around them had their ownknyazi (princes):
| Line | Laurentian Codex[8] | Hypatian Codex[8] | Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor English translation of theLaurentian text (2013) [1930, 1953][5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10.15 | [и пос]ихъ бр[атьи] держати. почаша родъ | И по сеи братьи почаша дѣржати родъ | After the deaths of these three brothers, their gens |
| 10.16 | ихъ кнѧженье в полѧх[ъ]. в деревлѧхъ | ихъ кнѧжение в полѧхъ. авъдеревлѧхъ | assumed the supremacy among the Polyanians. The Derevlians |
| 10.17 | свое. а дреговичи свое. | свое. а дрьгови[ч]и свое. | [had a principality] of their own, as did also the Dregovichians,...[c] |
16.21–17.3 say that upon the deaths of the four siblings, the Derevlians seized power and "oppressed" the Polyanians, then "other neighbours", and then finally the Khazars made them tributaries:
| Line | Laurentian Codex[9] | Hypatian Codex[9] | Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor English translation of theLaurentian text (2013) [1930, 1953][10] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16.21 | По сихъ же лѣтѣхъ по см҃рти братьѣ сеꙗ | По сихъ же лѣтехъпо см҃рти братьꙗ сеꙗ. | After these years, and after the three brothers' deaths, the [Polyanians][d] |
| 16.22 | бы[шаѡ]бидимы древлѧми. инѣми ѡколними. | быша ѡбидими деревлѧны. и инѣми ѡколными. | were oppressed by theDerevlians and other neighbors of theirs. |
| 17.1 | инаидощаꙗ козарѣ сѣдѧщаꙗ на горах | инаидошаꙗ козаре сѣдѧщаꙗ в лѣсѣхъ | Then theKhazars came upon them as they lived in the hills[e] |
| 17.2 | сихъ в лѣсѣхъ[e] и рѣша козари. платит[е] намъ | на х горах.[e] и ркоша козарѣ. платите намъ | and forests,[e] and the Khazars said: "Pay us[f] |
| 17.3 | дань. | дань. | tribute."[f] |
In lines 20.24–21.3, the inhabitants of Kyiv/Kiev tellAskold and Dir a brief history of the city, which does not mention either a reign of the siblings' descendants, nor of an "oppression" by the Derevlians or other neighbouring tribes; instead, the three brothers' deaths are immediately followed by paying tribute to the Khazars:[16][17]
| Line | Laurentian Codex[18] | Hypatian Codex[18] | Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor English translation of theLaurentian text (2013) [1930, 1953][17] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20.24 | чии се градокъ. ѡни же рѣша была сутъ | чии се городъ. ѡни же ркоша была сут. | [Askold and Dir:] 'Whose city is this?' And they said: 'Once [upon a time], there were |
| 21.1 | .г҃. братьꙗ. кии. щекъ. хоривъ. иже сдѣлаша | три братьꙗ. кии. щекъ. хоривъ. иже сдѣлаша | three brothers, Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv, who built |
| 21.2 | градоко сь. иизгибоша и мы сѣдимъ. платѧче | гроодъ сии. и изъгыбоша. а мы сѣдимъ [въ го]род[ы] ихъ. и платимы | this city. They died, and we[, their descendants,] are living here,[g] and paying |
| 21.3 | дань родомъ их козаромъ.[h] | дань козаром.[h] | tribute to the Khazars.'[h] |
Many historians consider Kyi and his rule circa the 6th century to be actual history.[2] Among such historians areBoris Rybakov,Dmitry Likhachov,Aleksey Shakhmatov,Alexander Presnyakov,Petro Tolochko, andNataliia Polonska-Vasylenko.[2]
The names of Kyi and his brothers have equivalents in an Armenian chronicle from the 7th century,History ofTaron, byZenob Glak.[22] In it, Kyi and Khoryv have counterparts in brothers Kouar and Horian, while Polyans is paralleled in the Balounik district.[23] An explanation for this can be found both in the common source (probablyScythian) of Ukrainian and Armenian legends, and in the common mythological plot used to explain the founding of the many cows that inhabit the city.[24] The legend also has parallels in theCroatianorigo gentis of five brothers and two sisters (Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, Chrobatos, Touga and Bouga) from the 30th chapter ofDe Administrando Imperio byConstantine VII (10th century), and theBulgarian apocryphal chronicle (12th century) about the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarians. All three speak about people who migrated to a foreign land, whose leader was of the same name (Kyi in Kyiv, Chrobatos in Croats, and Slav in Bulgarians), while Kyivan and Croatian mention a sister.[23] The female personality and number three can be found also in three daughters (youngestLibuše) ofDuke Krok fromChronica Boemorum (12 century), two sons and daughter (Krakus II,Lech II, andPrincess Wanda) ofKrakus legendary founder ofKraków fromChronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae (12–13th century), and three brothersLech, Czech, and Rus fromWielkopolska Chronicle (13th century).[23]
Khoryv or Horiv, and his oronym Khorevytsia, some scholars related to theCroatian ethnonym ofWhite Croats.[25][26][27] Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, also to the solar deityKhors.[27] Near Kyiv there is a stream where previously existed a large village named Horvatka or Hrovatka (it was destroyed in the time ofJoseph Stalin), which flows intoStuhna River.[28]
Lybid (Ukrainian:Либідь) is the name of another tributary of the Dnipro, just south of Kyiv.[29] As a river,Lybed' (Church Slavonic:Лыбедь) is mentioned twice in thePrimary Chronicle, first on page 69.8 during the PechenegSiege of Kiev (968),[30] and second on page 79.28–80.1 as the place whereVladimir the Great settled his wifeRogned'sub anno 980.[31] In both cases, it takes the form of на Лыбеди (na Lybedi, "at/on the Lybed'").[32] It is unknown whether the sister was named after the river or vice versa.[citation needed]
Byzantine sources report that the prince Kyi (originally Kuver) was brought up at the court of EmperorJustinian I in his youth, converted to Christianity inConstantinople, and was educated there.[citation needed]
According to other Byzantine testimonies, Kyi was a contemporary of EmperorHeraclius (575–641). As his contemporary John of Nicaea writes in detail, "by the power of the Holy and Life-Giving Baptism he received, he defeated all barbarians and pagans." The friendly ties of the ancient prince with the Byzantine imperial court is evidenced by the "Primary Chronicle".[citation needed]
Archaeological excavations have shown that there was indeed an ancient settlement starting with the 6th century. Some speculate that Kyi was a real person, aknyaz (prince) from the tribe of thePolans. According to legend, Kyi, the eldest brother, was a Polianian Prince, and the city was named after him.[33]
In the sixth to seventh centuries, the borders of three cultural groups of monuments converged on thePolans land —Kyiv Oblast —Prague,Penkiv andKolochyn cultures, and in the eighth to tenth centuries —Luka-Raikovetska andVolyntsevo culture. From the very beginning, Kyiv was the center of not one, but several tribal groups.[citation needed]
In addition to the respective hills and the river, there areShchekavytska andKhoryva Streets in Kyiv's ancient neighborhood ofPodil.[citation needed]
In 1982, Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid were depicted (standing on an ancient riverboat) in a sculpture, called theMonument to the Founders of Kyiv byVasyl Borodai, at the river-side of Navodnytsky Park. At the time of its unveiling, the Soviet authorities claimed that it was simultaneously on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, as well as the alleged "1500th anniversary" of the foundation of Kyiv in 482.[34] Various scholars and commentators found "482" an odd attribution, as no such date is mentioned in thePrimary Chronicle; historianTaras Kuzio said that 'the year 482 had no special significance'.[35] There was speculation that the two anniversaries were merged for the sake of convenience by the Soviet regime, to emphasise the common origins of Ukraine and Russia, and step around their many conflicts.[34] Nevertheless, several politicians would go on to embrace 482 as the date of the legendary foundation, including former Kyivan mayorOleksandr Omelchenko, who utilised it in order to argue the Ukrainian capital was much older thanMoscow.[36] The monument soon became iconic for the city and has been used as Kyiv's unofficial emblem.[citation needed] In 2001, another statue was installed at a fountain of theMaidan Nezalezhnosti.[36]
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