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| Kutubuan | |
|---|---|
| Laku Kutubu | |
| Geographic distribution | Lake Kutubu region,Southern Highlands Province,Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
TheKutubuan languages are a small family of neighboring languages families inPapua New Guinea. They are named afterLake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.
There has been some debate over whether they are closer to each other than to other languages, but Usher includes them both in the Kikorian branch of the tentativePapuan Gulf stock.Within the two branches, the lexicostatistical figures are 60–70%. Between the two branches, they are 10–20%.
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Lake Kutubu |
|---|---|
| head | *uni |
| hair/feather(s) | *iti |
| eye/sixteen | *hʲĩ |
| nose | *sabe |
| tooth | *mete |
| tongue | *atu |
| foot/leg | *kotage |
| bone | *kigi |
| skin/bark | *ga[o/u] |
| breast | *hʲokõ |
| dog | *g[e/ẽ/a]s[a/ã] |
| pig/game | *mena |
| bird | *hʲaka |
| egg | *kapa |
| tree | *ita |
| moon | *he̝ge̝ |
| water | *hẽ |
| fire | *ita |
| stone | *kana |
| path | *ig[i]a |
| eat/drink | *ne- |
| one | *hʲaga |
Proposed Kutubu reflexes ofproto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1975), Franklin & Voorhoeve (1973), McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[3]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g.auřu,airu,alu for “tongue”) or not (e.g.weḷia,kakusa,yapi for “blood”).
| gloss | Foi | Fasu (Namumi dial.) | Fasu |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | a̧řuhai | unahaie | wamo |
| hair | u̧sæ̧ | unahai iti | iti; uni iti |
| ear | yo ḳʰiyʌ | sinaeki; sinæki | senaki |
| eye | i̧y | hi̧; hĩ | hi; hi̧; hĩ |
| nose | s̭abɛi | sapasuma | sape |
| tooth | ṱi | akai | mere |
| tongue | auřu | airu | alu; aru |
| leg | ṱamʌ | kofai; kɔfai | korake |
| louse | ṱʌbʌľi | yapani | |
| dog | ḳɛsʌ | kasa | kasa |
| pig | girɔ | saro | |
| bird | yaʔ | minai | mena |
| egg | hʌ̧ⁱ | hai | mena hai |
| blood | weḷia | kakusa | yapi |
| bone | kʰikʰi | kiki | kiki |
| skin | ḳaḳo | kau | kau |
| breast | o̧ḳo̧ | hotu; hɔtu | hoko |
| tree | iʔʌ | ira | ira |
| man | amɛnʌ | abano; abanɔ | aporo |
| woman | ḳa̧· | hinamu | hinamo |
| sun | iřiyapo | iya; maiya; maya | maiya; maĩya |
| moon | hɛḳɛ | hɩki | heke |
| water | ipu | hi̧; hĩ | hẽ; hȩ; hę |
| fire | iřʌ | irə kipu; irʌkupi | dufi; ira lufi |
| stone | kʰa̧nʌ | ɩki | eke |
| name | yaᵽo | iyanu | yano |
| eat | niyæi | nesi | anene; na |
| one | mɛna̧ḳɛ | hakasa; nakasa | meno |
| two | ha̧ḳɛ | tita | teta |