Kutno | |
|---|---|
.jpg) City Hall in Kutno | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): Kutno – Miasto Róż Kutno – City of Roses | |
  Kutno | |
| Coordinates:52°14′N19°22′E / 52.233°N 19.367°E /52.233; 19.367 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Łódź Voivodeship |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Kutno(urban gmina) |
| City rights | 1386 |
| Government | |
| • City mayor | Mariusz Sikora |
| Area | |
• Total | 33.59 km2 (12.97 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2021) | |
• Total | 42,704 [1] |
| • Density | 1,271/km2 (3,293/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 99–300 to 99–302 |
| Area code | +48 24 |
| Car plates | EKU |
| Website | um |
Kutno[ˈkutnɔ] ⓘ is a city in centralPoland,[2] with 42,704 inhabitants (2021)[1] and an area of 33.6 km2 (13.0 sq mi). It is the capital ofKutno County in theŁódź Voivodeship.
Founded in the medieval period, Kutno was a local center of crafts and trade, owing its growth to its location on the Royal Route connectingWarsaw withPoznań andDresden in the 18th century, and the railway from Warsaw toToruń andBydgoszcz since the 19th century. During theinvasion of Poland in 1939, Polish armies under GeneralTadeusz Kutrzeba conducted an offensive in and around Kutno, that was later named theBattle of the Bzura.
Based on its central location and the intersection of multiple rail lines, Kutno is an important railroad junction in Poland. Two main lines cross there (Łódź – Toruń and Warsaw – Poznań –Berlin). Another connection also starts in Kutno, which connects the town toPłock. Kutno is the location of the European Little League Baseball Center and hosts the annualKutno Rose Festival.
Kutno is located in the northern part of theŁódź Voivodeship and is 20 kilometres (12 miles) to the northwest of the geographical center ofPoland.
According to the data from 1 January 2009, the area of the town amounts to 33.59 square kilometres (12.97 sq mi).
According to the physical–geographic division ofPoland, the town is placed on the western edge of Kutno plain, which is the part of Middle–Masovia macro region. At the south of Kutno plain, Kutno straddles the boundary of theŁowicko – Błońska plain, which belongs to the same region and theKłodawa Upland plain, which spreads in the west and is counted in the southernGreater Poland. To the north of the Przedecz –Gostynin line Kujawskie lakeland begins, which is included in theGreater Poland lakeland.
Kutno is located on the edge of four historical lands.Greater Poland,Kuyavia,Masovia, andŁęczyca. It is located in what is virtually the center ofPoland, at a point where geographical and historical borders, as well as in the crossing of communication lines, are of major importance to the development of the city.
Kutno has maintained theadministrative units of a town (Districts,housing developments), although certain parts of the town are simply called housing developments (e.g.: Łąkoszyn housing development). These divisions are mostly historical references. For instance, the Łąkoszyn housing development is part of what remains of the town of Łąkoszyn town which was incorporated to Kutno.
The following parts of Kutno have been formulated in the National Register of Country's Administrative Division: Antoniew, Azory, Bielawki, Dybów, Kościuszków, Kotliska Małe, Łąkoszyn, Puśniki, Sklęczki, Stara Wieś, Stodółki, Walentynów, Wiktoryn, Żwirownia.
Customary Administrative Division of Kutno:
Dybów, Piaski, Rejtana, Tarnowskiego, Kościuszków, Olimpijska, Sklęczki, Łąkoszyn (New Łąkoszyn – houses and Old Łąkoszyn –housing development), Majdany, Grunwald, Batorego, Rataje (between Solidarność roundabout, Targowica and The Kutno House of Culture).
The climate of Kutno is similar to that of the entire lowland region ofPoland. Thetemperature is influenced by continental and oceanic airflow patterns. Kutno is in the lowest zone ofprecipitation inPoland. It averages 550 mm (21.65 in) per year, but this can be significantly lower in some years. This is a problem for Kutno, exacerbated by low forest cover and intensive agriculture in the area. Kutno has about five storms during the year (about half of the national average). Snow falls, on average, 39 days in a year. There are about 21 foggy days during the year in the municipal area. But near the Ochnia river fog occurs quite often. On average there are 50 sunny and 130 cloudy days every year. The wind comes mostly from the west, veering southwest in winter and northwest in summer.[3]
July and August are the hottest months with average highs of 24 °C (75.20 °F). December and January are the coldest with average highs of 2 °C (35.6 °F) and lows of −3 °C (26.6 °F). July has the most rainfall with an average of 73mm and January has the least with 30mm.[4]
There are indications that the origin of the town may have taken place in the 12th century. The first mention of it was found in a document[clarification needed] concerning an endowment ofŁęczyca prepositure published due to a consecration of the collegiate church inŁęczyca in the year 1161.
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According to the local folklore, both the town and the parish came into being in 1250, although official documentation to that effect is lacking. Most probably, the town began to be settled some time between the 12th and the 14th centuries; its name appeared for the first time in a document from the year 1301. The document had been published for his son Ziemysław by Leszek, Przemysł, and Kazimierz – duke ofKuyavia in the presence of threeestate dignitaries as well as other people gathered during a convention inWłocławek. References to Kutno concern the appearance of rector Michał from the church in Kutno on the list of witnesses. In 1386,Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia had given to Andrzej de Kutno the privilege of freeing Kutno andSieciechów villages from all charges and burdens excluding two coins (grosz) out of every crop fee. The role of the provincial courts was transferred to the Duke. In 1386, the village of Kutno was given trade and town rights, and 46 years later, in 1432 amunicipal town charter. The first records that define Kutno as a town appeared in 1444.
Kutno was historically famous for its rose fair which after 1989 changed its name to The Festival of Roses/The Rose Festival.
Kutno was aprivate town, administratively located in the Gostynin County in theRawa Voivodeship in theGreater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.[5] 1 July 1504:Mikołaj of Kutno gained the right to hold the St. Wawrzyniec fair, improving the development of the town's trade. In 1701, theKucieński family gave up Kutno to Anna Zamojska. TheZamoyski family fought amongst themselves for the property for a long time. The town fell into debt but the situation had normalized whenAndrzej Hieronim Zamoyski became the owner of Kutno. During that time Kutno was a town of prosperity and development. A route connectingWarsaw withPoznań andDresden ran through the town in the 18th century and KingAugustus III of Poland often traveled that route.[6] The town's prestige increased after Augustus III ordered the construction of the Postal Palace and consequently, the Saxon Palace was built between 1750 and 1753, after a royal track leading fromDresden toWarsaw had been built. The palace was decorated with rich interiors according to John M Walter's plans. In 1753, Kutno was completely burned, resulting in the loss of the town records along with the settlement grant. After the fire, the King's Lord CouncillorAndrzej Zamoyski left Kutno in order to obtain another settlement grant, however, the town suffered another fire due to one of the many army march-passes in 1774 and the easygoing attitude of soldiers.
In 1775, Andrzej Zamoyski sold Kutno toStanisław Kostka Gadomski – governor ofŁęczyca province. Under his reign, Kutno became one of the biggest settlements in centralPoland. TheSecond Partition of Poland occurred in 1793. Kutno had been completely underPrussian control and became part of the newly created province of South Prussia. The whole province of Kutno became part of theŁęczyca department, then after theThird Partition, it became part of theWarsaw department.
On 4 January 1807,Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Kutno. In 1807, under theTreaties of Tilsit, Kutno became part of theDuchy of Warsaw. An 1808 fire, most likely set by Napoleon's army, destroyed 180 houses. In 1809 Kutno was visited byJan Henryk Dąbrowski. After 1815, the area was incorporated into theCongress Kingdom of Poland. In 1826, the first town map was published due to the planned rebuilding of the town. In 1826,Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.[7]
In 1840, a chapel was built which later became the Museum of theBattle of the Bzura river. Built in theNeo-Renaissance style and rotunda shape and crowned with a dome, it is part of theWiosny Ludów park. It formerly served as a mausoleum for the Rzątkowski and Mniewski families. Another fire destroyed nearly all of the houses on Królewska St. Only two buildings remained – nowadays Crocantino and MDM. In 1844, the first hospital in Kutno was opened, sponsored by Kutno's former owner Feliks Mniewski. ACity Hall was built in 1845 inclassicistic style. The building, located in theMarshalPiłsudski square, currently serves as the RegionalMuseum, in which one can seemementos and records from the history of Kutno.
In 1862, theWarsaw –Bydgoszcz railway line opened, leading Kutno to become an important railway junction and a trade and industry center. Directly before and during the period of theJanuary Uprising, Kutno was the seat of the head of theGostynin province. During theJanuary Uprising, clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops took place in Kutno on 1–2 July and 8 August 1863.[8]
In 1867, Kutno district was formed. This state endured until World War I outbreak. In 1886, on the place of the formerGothic church, the St. Lawrence Church (designed in aneo-Gothic style by Konstantyn Wojciechowski) was built.
On 5 January 1904, the Polish writerHenryk Sienkiewicz, aNobel Prize laureate, stayed in the Town Theatre, which was the seat of the Fire Brigade at that time. Income from his lecture was given to the poor children of Kutno. After his speech, a ball was held, to which only men were allowed, while women could watch it only from open windows.
The famous Polish-Jewish writerSzalom Asz was born in Kutno in 1880. In his collection of short stories "Miasteczko" ("The Town"), he described the situation ofJewish people from this town – Kutno. Every two years, the town holds the Szalom Asz Festival, which includes a literary contest about his works. In the 19th c. Kutno was a center of a sizeable Jewish community. In 1900, 10,356 Jews lived there.[9]
From 15 to 16 October 1914, the Battle of Kutno took place between theRussian and theGerman. The Russians lost the battle, and the loss of Kutno provided the Germans with a direct access toWarsaw. In 1915, a local parish priest Franciszek Pruski was executed by a firing squad. A plaque commemoratinf this event has been placed in the St. John the Baptist church.
Many Kutno inhabitants took part in the Polish-Bolshevik War. They also fought in theSiberian Division. After the war, hundreds of 15-year-old boys enlisted in the Army Mining Corps, today known as the miner–soldiers.
From April 1919 to January 1921, a future French presidentCharles de Gaulle stayed in Kutno, as an instructor with the French military mission under generalLouis Faury. On 5 March 1938, Kutno received itsblazon, which depicts two rampant wild boars on the yellow background, leaning against a green bulrush.
TheBattle of the Bzura river took place from 9 to 12 September 1939 during the Germaninvasion of Poland, which startedWorld War II. On 9 September thePoznań Army (Armia Poznań) operational group, led by GeneralEdmund Knoll-Kownacki, attacked theGerman 8th Army led by GeneralJohannes Blaskowitz. On 11 September Poland'sPomorze Army reinforced the Polish troops in battle. At first, the Polish assault was successful but theGermans reinforced their troops on 12 September and started to counterattack. GeneralTadeusz Kutrzeba orderedKnoll to retreat beyond theBzura river. Kutno remained outside the battle area. Despite the ultimate defeat ofPolish army, theBattle of the Bzura river made the Germans change their strategy and regroup and also delayedthe capitulation of Warsaw.
On 16 September 1939, the GermanWehrmacht moved into Kutno, bombarding trains, the railway station, and houses throughout the district. At the junction of what is nowKochanowski Street and Maja Street, a Germansaboteur laid down a target for the bombers bombing the railway station.
The area was annexed directly to Germany, and administratively became part of the Third Reich'sReichsgau Wartheland, within the district/county (kreis) of Kutno. In December 1939expulsions began in accordance withNazi Germany's racial and ethnic policies, which aimed to make the town population purelyGerman. People were forced to leave their houses early in the morning with only an hour's notice and could take only 50 kg (110 lb) of baggage and a small amount of money. Expulsion was very often carried out with violence. People were transported by trucks or wagons and then in sealed trains. The trip was up to eight days long, in terrible conditions.Poles from Kutno were also among the victims of a massacre carried out by the German police in February 1940 nearGostynin (seeNazi crimes against the Polish nation).[10] On 14 April 1940, during theAB-Aktion, most of the Polish teachers from the Kutno district were arrested. Only a few survived having had left their houses earlier or having been prewarned. At least 173 Poles from Kutno and the county were murdered by the Soviets in theKatyn massacre in April–May 1940 or died in Soviet camps.[11]
Subsequently, theGermans created aghetto in Kutno on 15 June 1940. The entire area of a former sugar factory ("Hortensja" or "Konstancja" according to various sources) was surrounded by barbed wire. On the first day, the Poles were forbidden to leave their houses, while the Jews were forced to take all their belongings and proceed to the factory. The German soldiers andSS members beat the Jews standing in the street. Eight thousand people were transferred to the area of the factory, within five buildings. On the first day, crowded and without any first-aid facilities, a few people died. The only food they had was a small amount of potatoes and bread. Prices of extra food were very high. For instance, one kilogram of potatoes cost 40 Pfennig in the ghetto, while it was 5 Pfennig in the rest of the town. However, a true nightmare started in winter, when there was not enough firewood, so that the Jews had to burn furniture orscaffolding.
In the following year, 1941, due to overcrowding of resettled people and transport difficulties, aconcentration camp was established at 7 Przemysłowa St. Due to terrible conditions in the camp, about 10 persons died ofdysentery every day.
On 9 June 1941, at present-day Wolności Square, three Poles, Kalikst Perkowski, Wilhelm Czernecki and Piotr Sanda, were publicly executed in punishment for smuggling food toWarsaw. Their deaths were intended to be a lesson and the presence of locals at the execution was compulsory; even the families of the executed were there.
On 19 March 1942, theghetto was closed. All Jews, in alphabetical order, were deported toKoło and then to theChełmno extermination camp. The 6,000 Jewish inhabitants of Kutno were killed there, while elder people who had been ghetto administrators were killed in Kutno itself. Additionally, aforced labor camp operated in the area from January 1942 until January 1945.[12] In 1943, 31 members of thePolish resistance were sentenced by the Germans inDresden, 24 of them to death and executed there.[13] On 19 January 1945, theRed Army arrived in Kutno, ending theGerman occupation, and the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until theFall of Communism in the end of the 1980s.
Cultural institutions resumed activity during first years after the liberation. Firstly, posts that had existed before 1939 were reopened. In June 1945 the Kutno District Public Library was opened. Thanks to donations by the public and the regaining of books that had been kept during the War, the library's collection grew rapidly. The public library was and still is fulfilling its important role in broadening culture. Because of developedrailway and road trails, Kutno has been attractive for investors. Among the many branches of industry in Kutno, the most important was the electronics industry. In 1957Radio Components Company Miflex opened, and would eventually employ over three thousand people. The Company is one of the important distributors ofcapacitors, anti-interference filters. At theMarshalPiłsudski square Polish –Soviet brotherhood was constructed, depicting two persons:Red Army soldier andPeople's Army of Poland soldier shaking hands with each other. After the monument had been constructed incidents such as vandalism and defacing it with paint by local high school students occurred. They were part of the group called "Bloody Hawk" ("Krwawy Jastrząb").
In 1968 Kazimierz Jóźwiak, who was a choreographer and manager as well as director of the Kutno House of Culture founded the "Song and Dance of Kutno`s Land Band" ("Zespół Pieśni i Tańca Ziemi Kutnowskiej"). In 1971, the formerTown Hall at theMarshal Piłsudski square Kutno Regional Museum was reopened. In 1975, the city was adjoined to thePłock Voivodeship and would remain so for the next 23 years. Annually, since September 1975, theKutno Rose Festival takes place at the Kutno House of Culture, which has long been a center of cultural events in Kutno.
In 1990 formula of the fair has been changed as well as its name: from The "Rose Fair" to "The Rose Festival"
In 1996 International Little League Baseball Tournament took place in Kutno. Since that time Kutno is the world-famous seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. On 18 August 1998 Higher School of Economics has been opened in Kutno in 7thLelewel St. In 1999 because of an administrativeresolution, Kutno district once again become part of theŁódź province after 24 years. In 2001, Królewska St. and MarshalJózef Piłsudski Square were renovated.
As a result of decisions made in the 1970s, industry investments began being located in the eastern part of Kutno - Sklęczki - now Kutno Agro-Industrial Park. The decisive factor was access to theA2 motorway and the presence of a system of sidings connected with the E20 railway. KAIP began in 1996 during construction of the National Center forFood Processing and Distribution. Construction was led by theUrban Institute and theU.S. Agency for International Development and was opened in 1998. KAIP is constructed on 370 hectares, and now has over 60 businesses of local and foreign capital operate within its boundaries. Nearly 6,000 people are employed here. The food industry, packaging, plastics processing, manufacturing of agricultural equipment, and pharmaceuticals are the dominant branches. 111 hectares were set aside as part of the Special Economic Zone of Łódź.
In 2000, the Town Council created theŁódź Special Economic Zone in Kutno Agro-Industrial park. It was originally 23 hectares and had four zones: Odlewnicza St. (4.24ha), Sklęczkowska St. (6.48 ha), Stalowa I and II (7.87ha and 4.49ha). The Sub-zone has been broadened in the following years: 2002, 2005, twice in 2007 and in 2010.
According to data from the end of January 2010, the whole area of Kutno sub-zone is 111 hectares. Capital investments of companies operating only in the Kutno sub-zone have exceeded the value of 1 billion PLN over the last 10 years.[14]
Kindergartens, elementary schools and middle schools:
High schools
Higher education
Art schools
Pastoral services are provided by the following churches:
Kutno is the seat of the EuropeanLittle League Baseball Center. In 1984, Juan Echevarria Motola, aCuban living in Kutno, started teaching baseball to groups of young people. Therefore, a baseball section of "Stal Kutno" club was created. It is the biggest youth center of baseball in Europe. TheEuropean Baseball Championship is hosted annually in various age categories. The complex consists of two lighted stadiums that have enough space to hold up to two thousand spectators named for Edward Piszka andStan Musial. The complex also includes three training fields and a dormitory for over 200 players.
Sports club City Stadium in Kutno on Tadeusz Kościuszki St. is named byHenryk Reyman.
Kutno cooperates with various cities and regions in Europe. For instance withBat Yam city inIsrael (Szalom Asz festival connects both towns). Thanks to Commune Association of Kutno Region town maintains relationship with theEnglish countyNorthumberland.
Kutno is an important communication junction inCentral Europe. Two main roads lead through town:national road No. 92 (former road No. 2) connectingMiedzichowo nearNowy Tomyśl withŁowicz andWarsaw; national road No. 60 connecting Kutno withPłock andOstrów Mazowiecka national road which is the transit corridor for trucks, leading from theBaltic states to Germany. Both roads leading through town are bypassed which helps transport though country and to reduce traffic in the town.
Fourteen kilometers (8.7 miles) from Kutno is Krośniewice. This is where the junction of roads nr 91 and 92 is situated.
Beside country roads through Kutno leads a system of Province and District roads connecting town withŁódź and other nearby towns.
The A1 motorway which opened to traffic in November 2012 has greatly improved the importance of the town in roadtransportation. Kutno is served by two exits from the A1 motorway (Kutno North, 7 km (4 miles) from the town and Kutno East, 2 km (1 mile) from the town).
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Kutno is served by theKutno railway station. Kutno has been an importantrailway hub inPoland since the 19th Century. The railways enjoyed its greatest development in the 1920s and 1930s.
The history of rail in Kutno dates from 1861. Intensive railway development started during theinterwar period. Between 1922 and 1926, the connection linking Kutno withPoznań (thereby construction ofWarsaw -Poznań railway) was completed andŁódź withPłock was finished. During thepostwar period, the current platform and underground passage was constructed.
One can now travel by train from Kutno to most of the big cities inPoland (Warsaw,Łódź,Bydgoszcz,Szczecin,Poznań,Wrocław,Katowice,Kraków,Lublin) and also to various tourism centers (Kołobrzeg,Krynica-Zdrój,Hel,Zakopane).
PKS Kutno enables coach connection with neighbouring localities for which Kutno is the administrative and regional center. There are also possible regional connections to Łódź and Płock.
Municipal Transportation Company serves Kutno inhabitants around town and its closest surroundings. The 13-day bus line and one marked "N" (night bus) route through Kutno. Remaining lines with numbers from 5 to 16 service the city area and also route to neighbouring areas.
There are also private carriers servicing line: Kutno – Piątek – Zgierz – Łódź
List of individuals granted with theHonorary citizen title by theCity council
During the times of German occupation, the square at the center of Kutno (nowadays MarshalJózef Piłsudski square) was namedAdolf Hitler Platz, whileGabriel Narutowicz St. was namedHindenburg Strase.
During the times ofPeople's Republic of Poland,Piłsudski square was namedJózef Stalin square. After his death, the name of the square was changed to 19 January Square (the date related to the liberation of Kutno by theRed Army).
Former names of the streets in Kutno:
According to a widespread story, Kutno was supposed to have been founded by Count Piotr fromKutná Hora, who had escaped in 997 with the brother ofBishop Adalbert fromBohemia toPoland. Kutno, the town, was founded as anheirloom of a family estate.
J. Łukawski, the publisher ofLiber beneficiorum by J. Ławski, placed a footnote on page 478, with the following account: "When Piotr of Kutno came toPoland in the year 997, he founded Kutno in memory of hismanor house in theBohemia. The parish church was founded along with thesettlement. Piotr's ancestors designated themselves as the Counts of Kutno and later assumed the name of Kucieńscy".
However, this story is not considered to be reliable and is rejected by most historians due to its doubtful origin. It is treated as an 18th-century legend or possibly a varnished version of the origins some "noble" families. The geographic dictionary ofPolish Kingdom, commonly known as "Kąty", gives the impression that Kutno could have been named "Kątno" originally.
The source of this legend is likely because of the similarities between names Kutno and Kutná Hora. First references to Kutná Hora were made in 1289, whereas about Kutno itself was not noted until 1301. In addition, in the 10th centuryPoles were not founding towns, as anequivalent. Instead, they had strongholds which were changed in the 13th century. The title of Count being used in Bohemia since 1627.
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